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e.

案例研究2-Case study 2

“Codeine is ineffective as an analgesic in 6-7% of a Caucasian population due to homozygosity for non-functional CYP2D6 mutant alleles.CYP2D6 deficient patients will not convert codeine to morphine. Postoperative pain treatment with codeine containing drugs will therefore have limited effect in patients with this trait.” (Fagerlund and Braaten 2001).

This case shows the affect of polymorphisms and if not known to the doctor treating could lead to tragic consequences and therefore implements the role of Pharmacogenomics.
Assesing the cost effectiveness in applying pharmacogenomics to clinical practice. There are two areas in this field in trying to prevent adverse drug reactions. 1 is pharmacogenetics which usually indicates “genetically determined variability in the metabolism of drugs” (fagerlund and Braaten 2001)

The term “Pharmacogenetics” usually indicates

In order to fully understand what the body does to a drug we must have a basic knowledge of what the drug does to the body also; Describe pharmacokinetics and dynamics first as you need to know them in order to study pharmacogenomics.
Describe polymorphisms.
Clinical applications
The Future of pharmacogenomics
Challenges and advantages.
Case study
Ethics and costs

结论-Conclusion

Recombinant DNA techniques rapidly superseded standard methods of protein characterization for genetic analysis during the 1980s, and reports of the molecular characteristics of numerous enzymes, including the P450 (CYP450) enzymes of drugmetabolism, soon appeared in the literature.