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ous amount of research on the translation of news, legal texts and literary works, whereas, the application of text typology to the study of popular science text is fairly limited. This report expands the scope of using text typology to the translation of popular science paper. At the same time, the translator further confirms the feasibility of text typology in this report.

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

2.1 Text Typology

Peter Newmark is a prominent translator and linguist. He is adept at combining translation studies with English language studies and applying linguistic theories to translation practice. On the basis of a great deal of translation practice and teaching experience, Newmark’s translation theories are gradually well established and comprehensive.

Karl Bühler, a German linguist, believes that language has three aspects or semantic dimensions: representation, expression, and appeal (Bühler, 2011:76). Roman Jakobson, a Russian-American linguist, defined six functions of language: (1) referential, (2) emotive, (3) conative, (4) phatic, (5) metalingual, and (6) poetic (Jakobson, 1992:144-151). Based on Bühler and Jakobson’s propositions, Newmark firstly classifies language functions into six types: expressive function, informative function, vocative function, aesthetic function, phatic function, and meta-lingual function (2001:76). According to these functions, he thereafter divides all types of texts into three main types: informative text, expressive text, and vocative text. He admitted that one text might have several functions but there must be one that is in the dominant position (1998:39).

Newmark pointed out that the core of the informative function of language is “external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories” (2001:40). Due to the fact that the function of informative text is to truly describe the real world or a certain matter or to pass information accurately, the style of this text type is limited as well. The linguistic equivalence between source texts and target texts is therefore the goal that translators should achieve when translating such texts. “The core of the expressive text is the mind of the speaker, the writer or the originator of the utterances” (Newmark, 2001:39). Considering the characteristics of expressive texts, it is essential for translators to follow the principle that the author is the center. The vocative text is totally different from the text types mentioned before because it is the reader-centered. In the process of translation, the translator can give full play to the advantages of the target language, without being limited to the expression form of the original text, so that the language of the target text can achieve the same effect as the original one. 

2.2 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation

Different text types should require different translation methods (Reiss, 1989:112). In 1981, Peter Newmark published his first book entitled Approaches to Translation and A Textbook of Translation, gaining great popularity in the translation studies circle, in which he put forward two translation theories, namely communicative translation and semantic translation. These two theories have been widely acknowledged and used on translator training courses (Munday, 2016). 

Newmark himself also com本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。