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is the consonant that are obstructed in the vocal tract but not completely occluded, and the airflow is emitted by friction from the gaps (Ran, 2017). Maddieson’s (1984) study shows that fricatives occupy an important position in many languages, and his survey of 317 languages in the world found that 296 of them (about 93.4%) have one or more fricatives.

English fricative is the largest category of English consonant system, which includes [f][s][ʃ][h][ɵ][z][ð][ʒ] and [v], as shown in the table below. 

It is seen that nine English fricatives in table 2-1, which is divided into two categories according to two criteria: the place of articulation and the vibration of vocal folds. In terms of the place of articulation, [f] and [v] are a group of labiodental fricatives, [ɵ] and [ð] are dental fricatives, [s] and [z] are a group of alveolar fricatives, [ʃ] and [ʒ] are a group of palato-alveolar fricatives, and sound [h] is a glottal fricative. Each pair of the fricative has the same pronunciation position, which is distinguished by the vibration of vocal folds. In terms of the vibration of vocal folds, fricatives that are pronounced with the vocal fold vibrating are called voiced fricatives, and fricatives that do not vibrate with the vocal fold are called voiceless fricatives. In English fricatives, [f][s][ʃ][ɵ] and [h] are classified as voiceless fricatives, while [z][ð][ʒ] and [v] as voiced fricatives. 

2.2 The Influence of Dialects on English Fricative Acquisition

Previous studies demonstrate that most scholars have focused on the influence of dialects on the acquisition of English fricatives in southern regions, while some scholars have studied the influence of dialects on the acquisition of English fricatives in northern regions.

2.2.1 The Influence of Dialects on English Fricative Acquisition

Studies on the influence of southern dialects on English fricative acquisition have focused on Jianghuai regions, Chongqing, Hunan, and Chaozhou. Under the guidance of language transfer theory, Miao Jia (2012) adopted the method of auditory discrimination, while Zhang Guangcui (2017) applied the method of experimental phonetics. Their researches indicated that the negative transfer effect of Jianghuai dialects on the acquisition of English fricatives was significant. Both Zhou Li (2012) and Wu Liankai (2020) studied the effect of Chongqing dialect on English fricative acquisition. They all found that Chongqing dialect led to the negative transfer of English fricative acquisition. Through questionnaires and pronunciation test, Fu Qing (2015) found that the negative transfer occurs in the acquisition of English fricatives [s][z][ɵ] and [ð] under the influence of [s][z] in Xiang dialect. Liu Zhen (2009) conducted a phonemic comparison of English consonants and Chaozhou dialect initials based on language transfer theory and found that English fricatives [s][z] and [ɵ] showed the most severe negative transfer in the acquisition of English fricatives through the method of auditory discrimination. 

Chapter 3 Research Methodology ....................... 13

3.1 Research Questions ............................ 13

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