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(1).  What’s  the  status  quo  of  students’  cultural  awareness  competence  in Xiangtan county?

(2).  Are  there  any  significant  differences  of  students’  development  of  cultural awareness competence among those who have different gender, language proficiency, and different senior high schools.

(3).  What  are  the  causes  that  affects  the  development  of  cultural  awareness competence measured by the results of research? 

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Relevant Definition

2.1.1 The Definition of Culture

At  present,  the  Eastern  and  Western  scholars  have  different  understands  of culture, the academic circle generally divides culture into three levels, namely surface culture,  middle  culture  and  deep  culture.  Surface  culture  is  generally  referred  to  as artifact  culture,  which  generally  refers  to  materialized  and  perceptible  material  or spiritual  products,  such  as  sculptures,  architecture,  artifacts,  movies,  and  dramas; middle-level  culture  mainly  refers  to  institutional  culture,  in  other  words,  that  is communicative  etiquette  in  daily  life,  behavioral  styles  and  politics,  economic systems  and  so  on.  Deep  culture  is  also  called  conceptual  culture  or  psychological culture,  which  mainly  includes  the  ways  of  thinking,  values,  and  national  character.Zhang  Na(2011)  refers  to  Porter  and  Samovar(1994)  think  that  culture  is  the knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, roles, and space acquired by a large number of people through individual and collective efforts over many generations.

Edward Taylor(1871) put forward the definition of culture, he think culture and civilization are a combination of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other abilities and habits acquired by individuals as members of society.

The linguist Sapir (1921) refers to the culture can be explained as what society does and thinks. Brown (1987) defines the culture is the combination of beliefs, habits, life  models  and  behaviors,  all  of  which  are  roughly  shared  by  people  occupying  a specific  geographic  area.  Marsellar(1994)  believes  that  culture  is  a  shared  learning behavior passed on from one generation to the next in order to survive, adapt, grow and develop. 

 Hu Wenzhong(2002) defines culture is created by mankind and belongs to the heritage of society. It is composed of beliefs, values, customs, objects, and appliances. Culture  is  not  somet本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。