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In third language acquisition, third language (L3) is a broad concept, whichincludes a variety of second language backgrounds and three language learningsituations (Fouser, 1995; Jessner, 2005). It refers to the language learned after theacquisition of L1 and L2. In other words, third language (L3) is a general concept(Jorda, 2005). It may indicate the third, fourth or fifth language that learners studiedafter the second language (Fan, 2019).

Although the third language acquisition has been influenced by the study of secondlanguage acquisition (SLA), and has been regarded as a branch of SLA by manyscholars for a time, the third language acquisition is not equal to second language acquisitionacquisition.

2.2 Previous Studies on Language Transfer

2.2.1 Definition of Language Transfer

The word “transfer” originally comes from the field of psychology. The concept oflanguage transfer related to linguistics appeared in the 1950s. Language transfer refersto a phenomenon that when using the target language, learners try to express speechsounds, vocabulary, grammatical structure or language culture with the help of thenative language system. This phenomenon is very common in foreign language learning,especially in the early stages of language learning (Zhang & Zhu, 1999).

One of the important achievements of language transfer research is that thedefinition of language transfer in the language acquisition tends to be consistent. Thelanguage transfer had been regarded as the negative effect for a long time. Weinreich(1953) referred to language transfer as language interference.

With the deepening of research in the field of linguistics, the term of languagetransfer is used more and more frequently. Lado (1975) considered that learners usuallytransferred native language structures and rules to other languages in the process oflanguage learning. In 1989, Odlin published Language Transfer: Cross-LinguisticInfluence in Language Learning. Odlin regarded the controversial language transfer asthe title of the book, which made the term formally established and used. In addition,the concept of language transfer in this book was defined more comprehensively bycombining the previous studies about the definition of language transfer. In the conceptof language transfer, Odlin emphasized the similarities and differences between thenative language and the target language, pointed out the influence of the similarities anddifferences, and affirmed the promotion and hindrance of native language to languageacquisition. Moreover, Jarvis and Pavlenko (2008) supplemented the definition ofLanguage Transfer. They pointed out that language transfer is the influence of theacquired language knowledge on target language acquisition.

ChapterChapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...................17

3.1 Theoretical Models of Language Speech Learning............................17

3.1.1 Contrastive Analysis（CA）............................17

3.1.2 Speech Learning Model（SLM）....................... 18

Chapter Four METHODOLOGY............................. 29

4.1 Research Questions.................................. 29

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