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historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However， so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics， about "culture" at least， it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking， culture is a social phenomenon， which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather， culture refers to a state or national history， geography， local conditions and customs， traditions， lifestyles， literature and art， behavior standards， way of thinking， values， etc. When we translate something， the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context， we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking， the psychology of thinking， and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored， the truly meaning of the context will be lost.

PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE  第一部分 翻译和文化的概念

One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation ， it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing， mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.

Zhu Guangqian， one writer in modern times， thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.

But for literary study， it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:

　　　　《静夜思》 “窗前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”

Using English， we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:

(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon， as I tile back my head. Yearn， while stooping， for my home land more.

　　(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light， I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head， I find the full moon bright; and bowing down， in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version ， the emotion of the author must be considered， or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler， one anthropologist in England， whose book primitive culture 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。