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Directives comprise commands, requests, challenges, invitations, entreaties and dates.

Declarations include blessings, firings, baptisms, arrests, marrying, and dismissing a case.

Expressives comprise greetings, apologies, congratulations, condolence and thanks giving.

In the area of the case study, one of the speech act directives was applied: the speech act of request

2- The Speech Act of Request

As mentioned above request is one of the speech act directives. In fact, the word “request” is understood as “directive”. There are several linguists with the theory of speech act of request.

Ervin Tripp (1976) with her investigation of requests in American English, the term directive used instead, categorized the speech act of request into six groups, based on the relationship between speaker and addressee in terms of power: needs statements (e.g. I need the previous report); imperatives (e.g. give me the previous report); imbedded imperatives (e.g. Could you give me the previous report?); permission directives (e.g. May I have the previous report?); non-explicit question directives (e.g. Does this point relate to the previous report?); hints (e.g. Our boss has just asked me about the previous report).

In Pragmatics of Chinese as Native & Target language Requests, Zhang,Y. (1995) noted that “ requests have been defined as acts by means of which S attempts to get H to do something. This “something” is actually seen as being “costly” to H, i.e.. Requiring of Hearer some expenditure of time, energy, or material resources (Leech, 1983; Blum-Kulka, House & Kasper, 1989)”. (p25).

Helen Spencer-Oatey (2000) considers that requests are such acts that can threaten rapport but not always. Therefore, it is understood that “requests are rapport-sensitive speech acts, and thus need to be managed appropriately.” (p18). That is, rapport management strategies should be concerned in the way of making requests, or “the wording of speech act”.

From the point of view, to analyze speech act utterances, Helen Spencer-Oatey (2000) also notes that three features which need to be looked at “the selection of speech act components, the degree of directness/ indirectness, and the type and amount of upgraders/ downgraders”. (p21)

3- The Structure of the Speech at of Request

From Rapport Management, Helen Spencer-Oatey (p23) also shows the Semantic components of Requests based on the source of Blum-Kulk本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。