英语论文网

Journal article:
Author surname, initials. (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Journal, Vol. no., Part/issue no., Page numbers.
· Wittmer, P. (2000)  'Project control under the microscope', Journal of International Development, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 124-32.

Newspaper article:
Author surname, initials. (Year) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper [place], Date, Page number(s).
· Kennedy, C. (1999) 'China feels the heat of Clinton campaign', The Guardian [London], 13 Dec., p. 12.

Item with no author:
Item title. (Year) then book publisher/journal location details as per normal.
· Beating the budget blues. (1999) People Management, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 6.

Organisational document:
Organisation name. (Year) Title of Document, Organisation name again, place of publication.
· UKCVO (2004) Best Practice for NGOs, UK Council for Voluntary Organisations, London.

Government document:
Name of government department. (Year) Title of Document. Government printer/publisher (or originating department), Place of publication.
· Ministry of Rural Development. (1998) Rural Infrastructure Projects, Indian Government Stationery Office, New Delhi, India.
· CIA (2004) Update Assessment on Iraq, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC.

Conference paper:
Author details. (Year) 'Title of paper',  paper presented at Title of conference, Place and date of conference.
· Nichols, J.R. (1998) 'Patterns of NGO development', paper presented at the Development Studies Association annual conference, University of Bradford, UK, 12-14 September.

Handouts:
Lecturer's name. (Year) Title of Handout, Course unit title handout, Department, University, Place, Date of issue.
· Heeks, R.B. (2006) Information in Organisations. Fundamentals of Information and Information Systems course unit handout, IDPM, University of Manchester, Manchester, 8 Oct.

Interview:
Interviewee's name. (Year) Personal interview, Place and date of interview.
· Teller, J. (2006) Personal interview, Ibadan, Nigeria, 12 July.

Email message:
Author details. (Year) Message title, Email to whom [Online], Date sent, Available: Email: email address of recipient [date accessed]
· Nicholson, B. (2004) Re: Indian software industry, Email to R. Heeks [Online], 13 Oct., Available: Email: richard.heeks@manchester.ac.uk [Accessed: 14 October 2004]

Web page/document:
Author details. (Year) Page title/heading, Publisher/organisation [Online], Available: URL [date accessed]
· Bradstock, T. (2002) Egypt Online Network, Manchester College of Technology [Online], Available: https://www.mct.ac.uk/cfs/egypt.html [Accessed: 14 September 2006]
Notes: if no author is apparent, use organisation name or page title; if publication date is not clear put (n.d.)

Foreign language document:
Use relevant reference format given above, all translated into English, then give the original language title in brackets after the translated title.  E.g.
· Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2003) Software Production and Trade in Latin America [Producción y Comercio de Software en América Latina], Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Note:
- What matters most is a) that the reader could locate any item in your reference list; b) that you are consistent: i.e. that you do all similar items the same way.
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