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Emotions are basically “mental states accompanied by intense feelings and bodily changesof a widespread character” (Koestler, 1967). In line with the dichotomy, emotions can be dividedinto positive and negative emotions. Among them, positive emotions usually include happiness,satisfaction, pride and excitement; negative emotions usually include anger, frustration, anxietyand sadness (Hargreaves, 1998). Enjoyment, described as the process of experiencing joy,reflecting general feelings of pleasure, fun and happiness (Jackson, 2000), is a typical positiveemotion.

In the field of psychology, different psychologists define enjoyment from differentperspectives. Famous psychologist Donald (2002) thinks enjoyment is a positive emotional statewhich is the joint result of beauty, interest and happiness. This definition reveals enjoyment’spositive effect and that the formation of enjoyment is complex. In China, Meng Zhaolan (2005)holds that enjoyment refers to the innate positive emotional reactions directly caused by nerveand brain activities, which can result in individual pleasure or even satisfaction. She stresses thebiological production of enjoyment and points out that enjoyment brings out pleasure orsatisfaction. Instead of emphasizing the biological formation of enjoyment, Ainley and Hidi(2014) believes that enjoyment is the sense of satisfaction and reward generated from the activityor the outcome of the activity, which implies that enjoyment is associated with activities.

Enjoyment involves experiencing pleasure in an activity (Mercan, 2020). Enjoymenttogether with pleasure usually arises in the same activity. That’ s because enjoyment only occurs when one’s need is satisfied. Csikszentmihalyi acknowledges that enjoyment is one kind ofpleasure but takes one step further than pleasure. Humans tend to experience pleasure when theymeet a need that is driven by biological function or social conditioning (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997)while enjoyment is the emotion that is felt when one not only meets their needs but alsosurpasses them to accomplish something unexpected or surprising (Csikszentmihalyi, 2008). Ifpleasure can occur simply by performing an activity or completing an action, enjoyment takes onadditional dimensions such as intellectual focus, heightened attention, and optimal challenge.One way to compare pleasure and enjoyment is to think of pleasure as a function of conservingor maintaining needs, and enjoyment as a function of progression or challenging limits. Forexample, watching an English video may be a pleasurable experience. Trying to understand anEnglish video without subtitles that both tests and develops one’s lexical resources and Englishlistening is more likely to be considered an enjoyable experience.

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2.2 Previous Studies on Enjoyment

In the past about five years, research on enjoyment in foreign language learning has beenflourishing, resonating with the holistic view motivated by the emerging positive psychologymovement in SLA (Dewaele et al., 2017). Relevant studies on enjoyment in foreign languagehave branched to three strands as f本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。