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characters and the plots are taken from the experiences of Qian Zhongshu and His wifeYang Jiang at home and abroad.The direct background of Fortress Besieged is during Japanese aggression inChina from the year of 1937, but for better understanding the novel, the backgroundcan trace back to modern times, especially since the Opium War, when there is anunprecedented confrontation, conflict and even integration between the ancientChinese civilization and Western civilization.In the novel, the hero is Fang Hong-jian, a young man who once studied overseasand returns to his own country China. Then he pays his visit to his hometown, and thenmakes his living in Shanghai. Later due to the double strike from his failed relationshipwith Miss Tang and losing his job, Fang eventually takes Zhao Xin-mei’s advice toteach at the newly-established university. On the journey to this university, therehappen too many interesting things among those five companions who travel togetherto the same destination, including Fang Hong-jian, Zhao Xin-mei, Li Mei-ting, SunRou-jia, and Gu Er-qian. After the tough and long journey, they finally arrive at theirdestination. With the development of the plot, Sun Rou-jia becomes Fang’s wife andthey leave the university and return home. However, their newly-married life, full ofdissatisfaction and conflicts, is not happy. What is worse, the interference and pressurefrom their respective families deepens their misunderstanding.The title of this novel is said to be based on a French proverb “ Marriage is like afortress besieged, those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside wantto get out.” The connotation of this proverb also implies the theme of this novel. Notonly marriage, but also employment, study, love and so on can be treated as a fortressbesieged.
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2.2 Studies on Impoliteness
In this part, we will provide a brief review of previous studies on impoliteness athome and abroad. In recent years, not only researches on impoliteness have beendoubled but theories and methodology are being improved. Meanwhile, the researchscope and depth have been expanded and the multidimensional and diversedevelopment trend have been presented. Nevertheless, before our studies onimpoliteness, there is a necessity to mention the definition of impoliteness.As an emerging topic, the study will first begin from its definitions. “What is‘impoliteness’?” There is no solid agreement as to what ‘impoliteness’ actually is,since impoliteness has been differently defined by different scholars from differentperspectives of their study. If such a simple definition is given as impoliteness is aface-aggravating behavior in a particular context, not all researchers would ultimatelyapprove of. Most researchers would point out that this definition is insufficient and toosimple . Elaborate definitions are listed in the following:(1) “ I take impoliteness as constituting the issuing of intentionally gratuitous andconflictive face-threatening acts (FTAs) that are purposefully performed.” (Bousfield)(2) “Impoliteness, as I would define it, involves communicative behaviorintending to cause the “face loss” of a target or perceived by the target to be so. ”(Culpeper)(3) “Impoliteness occurs when the expression used is not conventionalized relativeto the context of occurrence; it threatens the addressee’s face (and, through that, thespeaker’s face) but no face-threatening intention is attributed to the speaker by th