古典和新自由主义的福利方法对比研究 [3]
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论文字数:2856论文编号:org201507011717154490语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
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摘要:本文是一篇澳大利亚留学生课程作业,主要讨论了古典和新自由主义的福利方法。
oices of the survivors and victims of these misguided policies (Walker, The Guardian, 2010). It appears the impact of this injudicious policy is still affecting those children who were emigrated. The loss of family and identity was of little concern for the middle class government who believed to be creating a better life for these children. Unbeknownst to them, many of these children would go on to live a life full of sorrow as they search for an identity taken from them at the hands of the government.
The 1880 s saw a shift in modes of governing from Classical Liberalism to New Liberalism. The shift to New Liberalism began in the 1880 s to 1930 s and with it came a proliferation of discourse. During this time we see the emergence of specific conversations regarding social problems. As Britain underwent a major economic, social and political reform the concern for the child and its role in society became all the more uncertain. Henry Mayhew believed that after 40 years of attempting to reform the working class, little had changed in society (Mayhew, 1861, p. 202). Thus all the policies had failed to solve problems addressing the poor, many having a negative impact on individuals. The shift from metaphysical to scientific ideas concerning the nature of human beings occurred with the popularisation of Charles Darwin s book On Origins of Species (1859) which revealed human beings to share characteristics with animals, overturning vast amounts of widely respected Christian theology. Questions began to emerge concerning human nature as experts tried to understand why people continually act irrationally despite the efforts of the state to reform them. In addition, the development of social sciences was significant in researching and popularising the notion of the normal mind. The current conception of human nature became unstable as it was now understood that man is like animal; hence not everyone is capable of reform. Nikolas Rose (1985) argued that the development of the Psy disciplines such as
Psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis helped unite the newly respected knowledge with the way in which the world is governed. Through analysis of the human mind psychology helped bring the project of reform to an end, and stimulated a desire to understand and govern people through scientific laws, undermining the moral core of Classical Liberalism.
Children were extensively studied and generalisations were made from the information amassed by experts. For example, the study of Phrenology allowed for the comparison of the normal children against those deemed feeble minded. Experts were able to generalise normalities and apply them to all members of society, especially the working class. We begin to see the emergence of Special schools, Juvenile courts, Reform schools and Child Guidance clinics as a response to this new evidence . Thus it seems the development of psychology had positive influences for working class children as it gave them a chance to receive education which best suited their needs. However, the continuous studies conducted on the working class children may have been an attempt to individualise their difficulties which ensured their isolation away from other members of society, thus maintaining distinctions between the classes.
Britain became increasingly concerned with maintaining democracy as it became more industrialised. In 1870 the government made it compulsory for children between the
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