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nbsp;length,  that does  form  a  unified  whole”.  Halliday  and  Hasan(2001:1)  also  argued  that  “text  may  be spoken  or  written  ,  dialogue  or  monologue,  prose  or  verse.  It  may  be  anything  from  a single verb to a complete play, from acry for help to an all-day discussion. Structurally, atext  is  a  kind  of  unit  of  language.  It  is  not  a  grammatical  unit,  but  like  a  clause  or  a sentence; and it is not defined bysize of length. A text sometimes can be super-sentence, a grammatical  unit  is  larger  than  a  sentence  but  is  related  to  a  sentence  in  the  same  way that a sentence is related to a clause, a clause to a group and so on. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit：a unit not of form but of meaning”.Text is of any length and complete spoken and written on semantic utterance, its relationship with the sentence is not in the length, but in cohesion. Hu Zhuanglin (1994:1) suggested that text is generalized, it including both the 'text' and 'discourse'.It may be a word, may be a phrase or phrases, may be a smallclause,also can be  a  poem,  an  essay,  a  diary,  a  novel...  Text  refers  to  any  incompletely  under  the constraint  of  a  sentence  grammar,  in  the  particular  context  present  complete  semantic sentences  of  natural  language.It  is  a  branch  of  linguistics  which  is  a  coordination  of lexical,  syntax,  phonology  and  semantics  (including  pragmatics).The  purpose  isto achieve  specific  task  or  accomplish  a  certain  behavior  of  communication  through  this language media, and it has a certain communicative purpose. Textis not a simple pile of unrelated sentences. 
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2.2 Theoretical Basis 
British  linguist  Halliday  in  1962  for  the  first  time  put  forward  the  concept  of cohesion.As an important part of text analysis, cohesion theory has been generated plays a vital role. Cohesion is the phenomenon that refers to the different components’ meaning connection among a text, it realize the organic combination through the various cohesive devices(Hu Zhuanglin1994:3). Halliday and Hasan (2001:6) bridging ties can be divided into  five  categories:  Reference,  substitution,  ellipsis,  conjunction  and  lexical  cohesion, and also make a detailed discussion on each cohesive device. Reference  means  use  grammar  devices  such  as  pronoun  to  show  the  semantic relations. Halliday and Hasan referred that (2001:31) “Reference is the relation between an element of the text and something else by reference to which it is interpreted in given instance”.Huang  Guowen  (1988:91)  said  that:  reference  can  本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。