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nsing, technology transfer. As a result, Chinese universities are able to make regulations aimed at encouraging inventions and technology transfer. Faculty members and students are encouraged and supported in their efforts to build or take part in venture businesses as part-time work. Setting up the legal framework for universities is important in promoting university-industry collaboration.

3.3 India

India moved gradually from a planned and closed economy to a more open and deregulated one, with new challenges being set forth for universities and industries. In the area of science and technology (S&T), the country is being steered by the S&T Policy of 2003. It is only in recent years that Indian industry has really started collaborative programs with universities. Indian success in the software sector is remarkable. Major global IT companies have outsourced some part of their operations to India and have established R&D centers there as well. Indian IT engineers are working in many industrialized countries and contributing to the advancement of information technology. Most of the collaboration is in the form of consultancies, which typically do not involve large-scale projects. On the other hand, according to the survey questionnaire conducted by P. Ganguli in the Indian national study, Indian universities were not fully aware of the importance of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and lacked the resources to manage them.

Indian academic institutions became aware of the importance of protecting and disseminating their knowledge through patents rather recently. In 1995, only 35 applications were filed, but it rose to 96 in 2001 and 79 in 2002. Out of the more than 300 Indian universities, the number of academic institutions that filed patent applications was still too small compared with the high number of educational institutions in India that engage in R&D activities.

In the last few years, India has amended and enhanced its IPR legislation to be in full compliance with the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO. But unlike Korea or Japan, India does not have any specific law, like the Bayh-Dole Act of the United States, which dictates the ownership of the inventions that arise from publicly funded R&D. Different ministries, departments and funding agencies have different policies.. Generally speaking, the concept of IPR policy in Indian academic institutions is still developing with only a small number of institutions announcing their policies. Most universities just deal with IPR on a case by case basis.

3.4 Republic of Korea

Asian governments have introduced the necessary laws, ministry directives, notices, and guidelines, which are meant to establish stable rules to regulate government and university conduct. Such legal measures were taken for the most part in the second half of the 90s, reflecting the growing need for university-industry collaboration. The second part of the national policy framework, of an evolving rather than fixed nature, takes the form of basic plans and sets forth certain goals and targets to be achieved within a given timeframe. Unlike legal frameworks, these are reviewed and revised periodically.

3.5 Singapore

In Singapore the system for protecting IP and other economic properties was developed according to civil laws and other rules governing business practice and contracts that we