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re already in place. These formed the basis for shaping the U-I relations, rather than the government’s initiatives. This is largely due to the historical fact that, by the time other Asian countries became aware of the importance of U-I collaboration, the country had already ample experience of managing such collaboration.
3.6 U-I Collaboration: Summary of the Asian Universities
The need for universities to adopt clear policies for protecting and managing IPRs is increasingly realized by Asian universities. Without a strong IPR policy that provides clear rules and guidelines for the commercial exploitation of IP generated within the university, establishes ownership criteria and rules for income-sharing and defines responsibilities and obligations of all stakeholders; it will be difficult for universities to move forward in this field in a systematic manner. In some cases, problems arise from inadequate implementation of rules rather than the absence of rules. But on the whole, without clear and standard guidelines and procedures, there is a risk of conflict between the different parties as the outcomes may not meet expectations. In some of the Asian countries that were analyzed in the national studies, only few universities have formally adopted an IP policy, although in some cases, policies are currently being discussed or have been submitted to the relevant internal bodies for adoption.
A problem researchers or scientists often face is their lack of expertise in filing patent applications and negotiating agreements with industry. This raises a fundamental issue for all Asian countries and points to the strategic importance for universities to have a strong and effective office devoted to managing technology transfer staffed with legal and technical experts.
For the Asian countries, development and expansion of university-industry relationships during the last decade has been a result of goal-oriented and deliberate public policy efforts. The areas of focus included:
Defining the legal status of universities and their professors
Relaxing or removing regulations that prevented faculty members from working with companies developing policies on intellectual property rights, establishing technology transfer offices creating funding schemes, and
Ensuring adequate financial resources for research and development activities at universities.
Presently, there seems to be some consensus in Asian countries, both developed and developing, that universities and public laboratories should make greater contributions to countries’ overall economic growth and competitiveness. While universities, industries, and publicly-funded research institutions should be allowed to develop working relations with each other through their own initiative, governments also have a responsibility to establish laws and practices that would give proper incentives towards collaborative research activities.
In more developed countries of the Asian, policy framework, underpinned by laws and government regulations, has been put in place over the last two decades. Ideally, the policy framework should serve three purposes:
First, to state publicly the intention of the government with respect to the direction universities and industry should take;
Second, to lay down legal rules for the conduct of universities and i
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