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to the abstract digitalized genes and how the digital data is “embodied” with real flesh or a personality, this chapter explores the underlying causes for their convergence.  

5.1.1 Informatizing Genes: The Technicalization of the Disembodied Human

The novel stages a progressive history of human technicalization, from the instrumentalizing of limbs, the digitalization of genes to the informatizing of minds. The technicalization of humans from the body to the mind prevents humans from severing themselves thoroughly from machines. Genetic modification, especially has brought about a movement from the human to the posthuman, while the informatization of minds paves the way for the process of technicalizing humans. 

Chapter Six Conclusion

6.1 Major Findings

In his Nobel Prize lecture “My Twentieth Century Evening and Other Small Breakthroughs”, Kazuo Ishiguro announced his plan, to “hold up to the light the various relationships that criss-cross my story” (Ishiguro, 2017: 23). As the first novel he published after receiving the award, Klara and the Sun epitomizes various relationships of the epoch, typifying the evolved human/machine relationships under the influence of modern technology. As a theory particularly focused on human/machine relationships, posthumanism is conducive to the interpretation of a novel presenting human/machine relationship. 

Three major findings have arisen out of discussing the human/machine relationship in Klara and the Sun from the perspective of posthumanism. Firstly, posthumanism contributes to interpreting the classification and motivation of the staged human/machine relationship in the novel. The varied attitudes of humans towards machines from the aggressive to the moderate has been classified in two types according to the humanistic standards. However, the acerbic tone in which these attitudes are narrated implies they are not being advocated but are more likely being satirized. Ishiguro exquisitely organizes a party that exhibits various attitudes in one scene. When some children instigate “throwing [an] AF” experiment, the others criticize them as rude and inhuman but cannot account for why it is rude to the AF. Posthumanism can explain such insinuations. From the perspective of posthumanism, it is their self-considered rational superiority that lends them the courage or privilege to do so. At the same time, Ishiguro presents another situation in which human beings realize their non-superiority, as is represented by Josie’s family in the novel. But they still consider themselves distinguished from machines, believing that emotionality is exclusive to human. Posthumanism elucidates more than other ideas the human exceptionalism encoded in their hesitation and determination. 

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