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人称,常常选发出动作的人或有生命的物体充当主语,称为有灵主语。[例5](1)Awave of cigar somke accompanied Ogilvie in.译文:奥格维尔推开门时带来进来一缕雪茄烟雾。(2)Their ignorance of the market economy brought huge lossesto their company.译文:他们对市场经济一无所知,他们公司因而遭受了很大损失。毋庸置疑,两个英语句子的主语“a wave of cigar”(一缕雪茄烟雾)和“their ignorance of the market economy”(他们对市场经济的无知)都是无灵主语,而汉语中都是地道的有灵主语句。

 

五、替代与重复(substitution vs.repetition)

 

最后要提及的一点是英语重替代,汉语重重复。在英语写作中,除了修辞需要之外,一个实词或结构很少在句子中重复,在需要表达的时候都是运用替代手段,如代词(包括人称代词,指示代词,不定代词和关系代词)、动作代词do和替代词so等。[例6]A:Tell us who did it,and we will let you right away.B:I will never do that.“do”取代了“to tell you who did it”,而在中文中,“B”很可能回答成“我永远也不告诉你(是谁干的)”。英语中最常见的替代词是人称代词的使用,有时,整页在提到同一个人的时候都用代词———只要它指代的人在前文中有交代。看看张爱玲这篇文章的译文就知道了。[例7]尹雪艳着实迷人。但谁也没能道出她真正迷人的地方。尹雪艳从来不爱搽脂抹粉,有时最多在嘴唇上点着些似有似无的蜜丝佛陀;尹雪艳也不爱穿红戴绿,天气炎热,一个夏天,她都浑身银白,净长的脸蛋儿配着一副俏丽恬静的眉眼儿,但是这些都不是尹雪艳出奇的地方。见过尹雪艳的人都这么说,也不知是何道理,无论尹雪艳一举手、一投足,总有一份世人不及的风情。别人伸个腰,皱个眉,难看,但是尹雪艳做起来,却又别有一番妩媚。尹雪艳也不多言、不多语,紧要的地方插上几句苏州腔的上海话,又中听、又熨贴。有些荷包不足的舞客,攀不上尹雪艳的台子,但是他们却去百乐门坐坐,观观尹雪艳的风采,听她讲几句吴侬软语,心里也是舒服的。尹雪艳在池子里,微仰着头,轻摆着腰,一径是那么不慌不忙的起舞着;即使跳着快狐步,尹雪艳也从来没有失过分寸,仍旧显得那么从容,那么轻盈,像一球随风飘荡的柳絮,脚下没有扎根似的。尹雪艳有她自己的规律。尹雪艳有她自己的拍子。决不因外界的迁异,影响到她的均衡。译文:Yin Hsueh- yen was genuinely bewitching, though no onecould say precisely where her charm lay.She rarely bothered to puton makeup; at most she might touch her lips with a little Max factornow and then; so faint as to be barely noticeable.Nor did she care towear vivid colors.All through the summer,when the weather wasburning hot,she dressed entirely in silvery white,looking cool andfresh beyond words.Indeed,she has lovely snow-white skin and aslenderfigure,with sweet,exquisite eyes set in an oval face,but itwas not these features that made her so extraordinary.Everyone whohad ever set eyes on Yin Hsueh-yen said that,for some mysteriousreason,every gesture of her hand and every movement of her footheld an alluring charm unmatched in all theworld.While a yawn or afrown would have been unbecoming to others,in her it carried anoth-er kind of attraction.She spoke little: at crucial to the ear,in herSoochow-accented Shanghainese.Some patronswho could not affordto have her本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。