are analyzed. Though much simplified from their original versions, Table 2 may serve as a general comparison across different models.
Table 2 Cross-model comparison on understanding of landscape
processes model evaluation model representation model
Feng-shui model Qi : Its origin, change, movement and gathering in landscape.The process of place-making and dwelling Living Qi : To be harmonious.Formal criteria: ideal "Bottle Gourd" with enclosed space and narrow passage, plus curvilinear, continuous, possessing integrity, etc.. Box-within-box: Qi Vein, Bright Hall, Water Mouth, Acupoint.A spatial hierarchy of box-within-box .
Lynch's model Image: Landscape to be seen, to be remembered, and to delight in for any observer.The processes of perception and orientation Imageability: Legibility, clarity, visibility.Formal criteria: identity and structure Point-line-area: Nodes, landmarks, path, edge, district.Landscape of hierarchy, dominant element or network of sequences in point-line-area.
McHarg's model Natural processes (vertical): Geology, topography, hydrology, biology. The natural processes as given identity of the landscape and its values for human use Fitness and fitting:Formal criteria: intrinsic form of health and pathology "layer cake": Abiotic-biotic-human use overlap; Land mosaic, patch-work of resources (intrinsic suitability, and constraint)
Landscape ecological model Ecological processes (horizontal ) across landscape: Fluxes of material, disturbances, and especially species.Natural process as it is and the impact of human activities Ecological integrity and effectiveness; Formal criteria: heterogeneity, connectedness, area/size, shape, configuration, etc. Point-line-area: patch, corridor, matrix; Scattered patch, network, interdigitated, checkerboard landscape and a combination of them
The Model for an Imageable Landscape
Lynch's model was based on visual perception of the public in urban landscapes, concerned little with natural processes. It deals with the function of physical urban form in the orientation of any given observer. Man will lose his sense of orientation in the landscape that lacks an imageable structure, and loses the sense of security. The important criterion for a good and healthy environment is its imageability: "that quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer" (Lynch, 1960, p.9). Physically such imageability lies in the degree of identity and structure, the former implies "distinction from other things, its recognition as a separable entity", and the latter implies "the spatial or pattern relation of the object to the observer and to their objects" (p.8). To represent the image of the landscape (and further to change it), a point-line-area model is developed, that is nodes, landmarks, paths, edges and districts. This model transcends scales, and the image of metropolitan area can be represented (and designed) in a hierarchy, or with a dominant element pattern, or a network of sequences, or a combination of them (p.112-115). Based on human experience in environment, Lynch's model was recognized as an approach addressing place and place making by environmental and architectural phenomenologists (Norberg-Schulz, 1980, 1988, Relph, 1976).
The Layer-cake Model of Design With Nature
Beginning with criticizing Judeo- Christian tradition in dealing with man-nature relationship, McHarg (1969, 1978) developed the model of design with
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