Landscape into Places:Feng-shui Model of Place Making and Some Cross-cultural Comparisons [18]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-20编辑:黄丽樱点击率:31653
论文字数:10569论文编号:org200904202259574212语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:placemakingmodelChineseFeng-shuipractice
nature, generally known as method of ecological planning, further interpreted as human ecological planning (1981). It is characterized by ecological determinism ( Steiner, et al, 1987), or "physio-graphic determinism" (Woodfin, 1993). The backbone of the model is the conception of given values, the idea that any given land has its intrinsic opportunities and constraints for all human uses. It is believed that sciences of geology, hydrology, soil, plant ecology and wildlife can provide objective and reliable data to understand the processes of the area. These natural processes and interactions are basically concerned with the vertical attributes of the area , as in the "layer cake" (1981) (which accounts for the major difference with the landscape ecological model), in McHarg's words "geological and meteorological history are expressed in surficial geology which , in turn , are expressed in hydrology and soils. The sum of these is reflected in environments populated by appropriate plant communities while these last are occupied and utilized by consonant animals" (1981), and at the top of this "layer cake" is human beings, his settlement, culture and history. Natural processes, with their intrinsic suitability and limitation for human beings, constitute social values, so sciences identify values through identifying natural processes (which is the major difference from the phenomenological approach of place making and dwelling that takes a more conservative attitude toward "scientific" knowledge).
In "design with nature," the basic criteria of the evaluation model is fitness and fit - the selection of a fit environment and the adaptation of that environment for better fit. A fitting environment is healthy and creative. A fit plan can be approached based on substantial scientific understanding of the natural processes or values of certain land, which implies the greatest savings and greatest benefits. Landscape can be represented as mosaics of intrinsic suitability or constraint distribution maps, at a substantial scale, in a point-line-area pattern.
The Horizontal Model of Landscape Ecology
After having been practiced in Europe for decades (Zonneveld and Forman, 1990), landscape ecological approach has recently appeared widely in planning theory as well as in practice. To attempt to draw a sufficiently clear model for this approach in planning and design is to risk overgeneralization, not only because theoretical landscape ecology is far from maturity both in Europe and North America and substantial differences in emphasis exist between the North American researchers and their Europeans colleagues, but also because the "clients" and the "users" of the planning become more diverse. It is not enough to understand landscape in terms of its "imageability" or usefulness or "suitability" for human beings, but must also be understood in terms of what numerous other species perceive and feel and how they use the pattern of landscapes ( species are diverse in their "evaluation" of the landscape). However, there are some basic principles that make the landscape ecological approach a distinctive model (Forman and Godron , 1986).
While traditional ecological studies emphasize description of processes across the "layer cake" that created the patterns observed in biota, or processes within and between ecosystems (which forms the foundation of McHarg's model), landscape ecology focuses on the spatial relationships, flux, and changes in species, energ
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