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y, materials, and disturbances across land mosaics at substantial scale (Forman and Godron, 1981; 1986; Risser, 1987; Turner, 1987, 1989). Among others, the spatial movement and dynamics of species is most emphasized (at least among present studies). The evaluation model is then developed around ecological integrity and effectiveness of landscape pattern either in keeping and enhancing, or impeding certain processes across the landscape. Spatially, some overall criteria are important in landscape evaluation including: heterogeneity, indicating the types and relative abundance of ecosystems or landscape elements, which in turn directly affect biodiversity, the spread of disturbance and other types of flux; connectivity, as opposed to fragmentation which is most influential to species movement and dynamics; and spatial configuration ( Forman, 1987). In contrast with the "layer cake" approach, the representation model in landscape ecological approach is basically horizontal, but is again a point-line-area model: patches, corridors and matrix. Based on these structural elements, overall landscape can be represented as scattered patch landscape, network landscape, interdigited landscapes, checkerboard landscapes and any combination of these landscape types (Forman, 1990). Point-line-area: the Common Language in the Western Design Models These Western models were developed in different situations and have different concentrations in planning. It is however interesting to note the similarities of these Western models. Both Lynch's and the landscape ecological approaches have a unit model of point-line-area, although in the former, landscape is represented through the public's (or rather Westerners') perception, in the latter landscape is supposed to be represented as it is objectively. In McHarg's model, land is scientifically represented in a unit model of "layer cake," and the general landscape is again shown in a patch work of point-line-area. Such similarities of landscape representation in the Western models support the notion that "there appears to be a consensus on both the elements and the language which represent our visual experiences. Point, line and plane are considered as the basic visual elements which allow us to perceive, analyze, and describe our visual world" (Toth, 1988). On the contrary, we have seen that Feng-shui shows a very different model in landscape representation, with a unit model of "Bottle Gourd" and a hierarchical model of "box-within-box." Captions of Tables and Figures Table 1. Structural elements of Feng-shui landscape and their evaluation criteria Table 2. Cross-model comparison on understanding of landscapes Fig. 1 A landscape planning proposal by the author was under the judgment of two Geomancers ( in the center) as well as by the client (left) and a professor (right) (photo by the author). Fig. 2 The process model of Feng-shui: origin, mechanism and result of Qi (Yu, 1991). Fig.3 The conceptual model of ideal Feng-shui. Fig.4 The ideal landscape model of Feng-shui. Fig.5 Good Feng-shui: Tian Tong Temple, Zhejiang Province. 1. Temple 2. Feng-shui ponds 3. Tortuous path4. Feng-shui forests Fig.6 Feng-shui interpretation for the national capitals: (a)Nanking and(b) Peking. Fig.7 Box-within-box: county seats in Anhui Province as represented in the prefecture annals (Qing Dynasty). Fig.8. Fractals of settlements: landscape as represented in Feng-shui. Fig.9 The relationship among aspects of p本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。