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erent TOA,andthen carry out compensatory listening strategies training for students based on thesedifferences,so as to improve students'awareness of listening strategies use andlistening performance.Therefore,this study aims to fill in the blanks of the researchin this domain,pave the way for relevant research in the future,and at the same time,it aims to improve the listening comprehension level of junior high school students,and provide some inspiration for the English teachers in junior high schools.

Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Listening Strategies

2.1.1 Definitions of Listening Strategies

Listening strategy is a kind of learning strategy,so when discussing thedefinition of listening strategies,it often takes learning strategies as the framework.The study of learning strategies began in the early 1970s,and then many researchersat home and abroad tried to define learning strategies.

Oxford(1990)defined language learning strategies as behaviors or actions whichlearners apply to make language learning more successful and enjoyable.In the viewof Cohen(1998),learning strategies can be defined as learner's conscious andsemi-conscious thoughts and behaviors which are to improve the knowledge andunderstanding of second language.Chinese researcher Wen(1996)also studied on thedefinition of learning strategies,and she thinks that learning strategies which includelearning objectives,process,plans,adjustment,evaluation and cognition aboutlanguage learning are methods language learners take to make more effectiveachievements.The above-mentioned researchers at home and abroad have givendifferent definitions of learning strategies from different perspectives.Listeningstrategies are subordinate to language learning,that is to say,we have to studylistening strategies in the framework of learning strategies.

According to O’Malley,Chamot&Kupper(1989),Listening can be seen as aconscious and active process which requires listeners to concentrate on the voiceinformation and analyze what they hear,therefore,specific strategies are very much needed while listening.For listening strategies,different researchers have givendifferent definitions.Rubin&Ellis(1994)believe that listening strategies are thespecial techniques or approaches applied in listening comprehension tasks.

2.2 Tolerance of Ambiguity

2.2.1 Definitions of TOA

TOA was originally a concept of psychology,which was used to describe anindividual's acceptance of ambiguity.Later,the concept of TOA was widely used inthe field of linguistics,and many researchers began to use it as a cognitive style tostudy its impact on second language learning.

1)TOA in Psychological Field

The concept of TOA was first put forward by Frenkel-Brunswik.InFrenkel-Brunswik(1949:115)'s Intolerance of Ambiguity as an Emotional andPerceptual Personality Variable,ambiguity intolerance(ITOA)is defined as apersonality variable.In her book,ambiguity intolerance is a'tendency to resort to black-white solutions,to arrive at premature closure as to evaluative aspects,often atthe neglect of reality,and to seek for unqualified and unambiguous overall acceptanceand rejection of other people'.That is to say,people with high levels of ambiguityintolerance tend to deal with clear questions that have clear answers,rather than thosethat are ambiguous and have more 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。