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The TOD model was superimposed on the existing car-oriented urban layout. After realising the adverse effects of car, massive investments were made in improving urban transit and national rail services. Chinese planners aimed for better connectivity by the policy of decentralized concentrations, changing in the wake entire urban residential and employment strategy. In Shanghai, for example, this resulted in the approval the of earlier ideas of Mayor Liangyu Chen, by the Shanghai 1-9-6-6 Comprehensive Masterplan in 2006, a core element of the 11th Five-Year Plan of Shanghai economic and social development. The masterplan steered growth of one central city surrounded by ten new-towns of various foreign origin and specialities (like industrial, educational and residential towns). These emerging subcentres became the focus of huge real-estate investments by mixed-use developments, a direct application of TOD. Green spaces and public spaces also emerged, a carry-on from the ‘double increase, double decrease’-policy era.

1.3 Conclusion

Urban development is a continuous process and cannot be understood by a single theory. Over the years many theories have shaped the urban landscape and mega-projects of their time. Therefore a literature review of similar works and the rationale of a theoretical framework seems appropriate. A summary of theories and their critiques also provides deep insights into the planning and implementation of mega-projects. It reveals the context of development and intended objectives and strategies leading to better evaluation of the mega-projects. The theoretical framework is made after careful analysis of real case-scenarios and empirical research findings connected with economic realities. This approach leads to a constant feedback by way of theories as it helps us understand the past better; in order to move ahead or predict the future. A theoretical framework can be seen as a toolkit of charting the trajectory of a mega-project by way of its success and failures in the past. So as to reach to informed conclusions and judge better the speculations regarding forecasts.

The theoretical framework also provides a neutral objective path. It helps maintain a certain distance from the mega-projects. To not be swayed by distractions and keep to such pursuits. Furthermore, a study approach like this connects to other case studies in the past. It builds upon the work of other cases and ensures that empirical findings are not in isolation (Trip 2007).

So in theory, highly dense mixed-use developments around quality urban design infrastructure offers perfect solution for future-oriented “urban renaissance” agenda. However the centrality itself is changing constantly by the very factors we are out to study. All the while every actor involved has their ow本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。