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d the aging of the existing pool of licensed nurses (Williams & Torrens, page 284). Finally, one of the last reasons for the nursing shortage is the decline in relative earning (Williams & Torrens, page 284). The actual earnings for RNs increased steadily from 1983 to 2000, the amount available after adjusting from inflation has been low since 1991 (Williams & Torrens, page 284). 

Identify and describe at least three roles the public health professional has in the health care system. Two new general roles for public health professionals have arisen in recent years (Williams & Torrens, page 282). Public health professionals in the direct delivery of personal health services are now under way with the expansion of managed-care plans (Williams & Torrens, page 284). The financial system no longer permits an open-ended cost-based billing for services to insurers, the managed-care plan has clear incentives to find ways to deliver health care services efficiently (Williams & Torrens, page 284). The second newer role for public health professionals, one that takes their traditional functions and places them in a new context, resides in bioterrorism surveillance and prevention (Williams & Torrens, page 284). These efforts have required a reconsideration of the preparedness of local, state, and federal public health organizations and functions to be able to operate in a streamlined, rapid, and effective fashion to identify, isolate, contain, and destroy potentially harmful agents released inadvertently or maliciously (Williams & Torrens, page 283). Lastly, the institutional practice of the healing arts and the task of disease prevention and maintenance promises to bring about integration of both domains (Williams & Torrens, page 283). 

Identify and describe at least three roles that a health service administrator has in the health care system. 
The first reason for the increased supply of health care personnel into the twenty-first century is the interrelated forces of technological growth, specialization, health insurance coverage, the aging of the population, the emergence of the hospital and hospital systems and their associated ambulatory clinics as the central institution of the health care system, and the large array of post hospitalization treatment venues that include nursing homes, rehabilitation facilitates, hospices, and home health organizations (Williams & Torrens, page 268). Secondly, technological innovation has also lead to increased specialization of health care personnel, primarily during the last 40 year (Williams& Torrens, page 268). This specialization opened the door to several new health care professions. The last role reviewed was health care workers that have gained the largest share of the overall number of allied health positions. They compose of a mere 1 to 2 percent in 1920, but in 2000 they made up over 54 percent (Williams & Torrens, page 268). 

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