英语论文网

△Perhaps that’s why surveys aresuch animportant par of American life…

△The mass media have frequently reported the results ofthesesurveys,…

比较指称关系通过形容词的比较级、一些是有比较意义的词语如same, as, equal, similar(ly), different(ly), other, otherwise, else等表示指称关系,如课文中的:△…poll experts such as Elmo Poper and George Gallup….

△Americans have been marring later, having fewer children,….

△Similarly, the number of actual births have go up, but the size…has gone down….

2.省略和替代。

省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺省。这些被省略成分只能借助于上下文才能发现,这样,上下文之间形成衔接关系。替代和省略十分相似,所不同的是前者有替代词语,后者没有,常用的替代词有one、do、so/not和same等。省略和替代对语境是有很强的依赖性和时效性,多出现在对话中。这篇课文没有省略和替代的例子。

3.连接。

连接关系是通过连接词、副词、代词组实现的。Halliday和Hasan把连接分为4种类型:增补型、转折型、原因型和时间型。增补型词项包括and, further more, in addition, thus, in otherword等。如课文中的:

△And also since the 1904s, survey have been a major research tool….

△In addition to statistics on…, the 1980 census has given us….转折型词项包括but, or, on the other hand, however, conversely等。如课文中的:

△However, the most complete and most important survey for Americans is the national census.

△But, since 1970, the small communities have been gaining population…

原因型词项包括because, so, for this reason, consequently等。时间型连接指示篇章中的事件发生的时间关系,这类词项有formerly,first,then,in the end,next等。这篇课文中没有原因型连接的时间型连接。列举的以上课文中出现的增补型连接和转折型连接应在课文的语言点讲解时点出。

4.词汇衔接。

词汇衔接指通过词汇选择在篇章中建立一个贯穿篇章的链条,从而建立篇章的连续性。词汇衔接中的词汇关系有两种:重述和搭配。重述包括重复、同义词、近义词、上下文关系、广义词等。搭配作为衔接手段包括篇章中所有词义相关联的词项,它们之间的关系是共现关系。这篇课文出现的词汇衔接有如下一些:重述:

△American have always done a great deal ofmoving…, themoveshave been mostly…

△…,the American government has taken acensusevery ten years, and thepopulation…

Surveys　重复7次　　　population　重复7次

Change　重复3次　　　census　重复6次搭配:

在这篇课文中, survey, census, population, changes, average, rate, percentage, result, statistics, rise, de-cline, go up, go down等词项可以说都属于同一词汇搭配范畴,因为它们都是有关调查、统计的词汇。将上述有关衔接的理论用于教学,作为教师,就应该精讲上述有关survey的词汇链中的语言知识点。这是教学第五步要解决的问题。

Step5Language Points

1. percent, percentage(详解省略)

percent———one part in or for each 100. percentage———an account stated as if it is part of a whole which is 100.

2. rate, speed(详解省略)

rate———①a value, cost, speed, etc measured by its relation to some othe本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。