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g the text, there is 25% of correctness to answer the item.In order to solve this problem, the open cloze has been applied inthe NMET Hunan since 2010. Like the other types of cloze tests, the opencloze is operating based on the principle of Gestalt procedure andredundancy information. It also is an integrative test for measuring thegeneral language competence being made up of knowledge and skills.Unlike the MC cloze, there is no choice supplied in the open cloze, sotestees should fill the blank with the associated word by understandingthe text, and then its answering format is completely different.

Chapter two Theoretical Foundation

The cloze test was used to test the native speaker's language abilityand then for testing the second language ability. The aim of the cloze testis to measure the integrated language ability at the textual level. There aresome theories which can support the explanation of the cloze test.There are lots of experts in language testing and linguistic havinginterest in the nature and use of language. In this section, some relatedtheories of cloze test would be listed.

2.1 Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt psychology originated from the Austral and Sueddeutscher inthe late of 1900s. It provided much inspiration for the cloze test. Thepsychology school was found by Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), and theleading exponents are Kohler and Koffka. Gestalt is a German wordwhich means the "form" or "shape" of an objective. The Gestalt effect isthe form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect tothe visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just acollection of simple lines and curves. The phrase "The whole is greaterthan the sum of the parts" is often used when explaining Gestalt theory. It is important for the Gestalt psychologists to think of problems as awhole. When people see the objectives, their experienced perceptscontain more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus onwhich it is based. For instance, a triangle will be perceived in picture A,although no triangle has actually been drawn. In picture B, there is acircle with some parts of line missing.
Designing of the cloze test is based on the Gestalt theory. Taylor(1953) reasoned that this psychological tendency may exist in the textmaterial too. In other words, readers would be naturally to fill the gaps inthe context to achieve a complete whole when there is some missinginformation in the text. Thus, it is useful to measure the reader's languageability by the cloze test.There are some blanks in the text by deleting words on purpose.Because this design forms could make people feel a kind of vacantfeeling from the vision, so it is naturally for them to complete the blanks.32I An Empirical Study on the validity of the Cloze Test of NMET HunanThough these blanks are scattered in the text, they are not isolated underthe same contextual background. If testees want to finish them sentenceby sentence, they will get the wrong answers. Testees should recode the"interrupted" information by filling the blanks with acceptable wordsfrom all available contextual clues. It is said that understanding theinterconnection in the context is more important than the phenomenonwhen we recognize new things.

Chapter Three methodology and Procedures................ 56-68
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