英语论文网

公共演说受众多因素的影响形成了有别于其它文体的明显特点。由于内容、听众、目的等的不同,这类文体的各细小类别拥有各自独特的语言风格。但总的来说,“公共演讲的主要目的是在演讲的时候激起听众的热情,获得听众的支持。”(王佐良、丁往道,1987:225)达到这一目的的重要手段之一是运用丰富多彩的修辞格。《我有一个梦想》和《在俄国遭到入侵时发表的广播演说》两篇演说的背景虽然不同,发表演说的途径也不一样,但由于文稿中都使用了大量的修辞手段,因而大大增强了演说的气势,加强了演说的感染力。更为重要的是,我们如能深刻地领会修辞手段在演说中传递的信息,便能加深理解为什么这两篇演说能够成为人们久谈不厌的名篇。下面将对其中一些较为典型的修辞手段进行分析,探讨它们在公共演说文体中承载或蕴涵的信息。

一、排比(paralellism)

排比修辞格通常指句法功能相同的词、短语(或结构)和句子排列起来,表达同一命题。排比是两篇演说中使用最为广泛的一种修辞手段。在《我有一个梦想》中使用的排比形式多种多样,有名词类、名词短语类、介词短语类和句子类等,现举几例来分析:(1)名词类https://www.51lunwen.org/ by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discriminationa desert state sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppres-sionin spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the movement(2)名词短语类a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedomand the security of justice(3)介词短语类theywill not be judged by the color of their skin but by thecontent of their characterwhen we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, fromevery state and every city(4)句子类...have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with ourdestiny and their freedomis inextricably bound to our freedomWhenwe allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from everyvillage and everyhamlet, from every state and every city...通过对各例中平行成分(如划线部分所示)的观察,我们齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)发现它们的作用决不仅是形成宏大的气势,增强演说的感染力,它们传递了许许多多同等重要的信息,如种族隔离的束缚(the manacles of segregation)和“种族歧视的枷锁”(the chainsof discrimination),种族隔离和种族歧视同样残酷,无时无刻不在束缚着黑人,黑人遭受不公正的待遇,处于被压迫之中(in-justice and oppression),因此,他们需要奋起抗争,于是掀起了争取民权的运动,不管这场运动路途有多么遥远,历经多少困难和挫折(the difficulties and frustrations),他们都会继续下去,马丁•路德•金在这次演讲时说“我们来兑现这张支票”(So we’ve come to cash this check),从而给黑人以充分的自由和正义的保障(the riches of freedom and the security of justice),使白人不以肤色而是以品格的优劣(by the color of their skinbut bythe content of their character)来评价他们,同时,向集会者强调白人前来参加集会说明他们已意识到他们的命运和自由实际上与黑人的命运和自由紧密相连(their destiny is tiedup with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to ourfreedom),最后一段开头用了两个排比句(When we allow free-dom ring, when we let it ring...)黑人呼唤自由的声音仿佛就在我们的耳边回荡,我们能够更好地体会他们对自由的憧憬与对实现心中梦想的渴望。邱吉尔在演说中也多处使用排比手段,请看下面两组例子:I see the Russian soldiers standing...I see them guarding ...I see the ten thousand villages...I see also the dull...I see the German bombers...We shall fight him by landWe shall fight him by seaWe shall fight him in the air邱吉尔一连串用了几个“I see...”向我们描绘了一幅俄国遭到德国入侵前后的全景图:德国军队入侵前,俄国军人守卫着边疆,执行他们保家卫国的神圣任务,亲人们为他们祈祷,盼望他们早日归来,农民们辛勤地耕耘着赖以养家糊口的土地,虽然生活十分艰辛,却依然能够享受天伦之乐,然而,突如其来的大规模的袭击使俄国损失惨重,俄军轻而易举地成了德军的猎物。排比手段传递的一系列信息有利于让听众认同邱吉尔代表英国政府作出的决定,争取一切可以争取的力量对纳粹分子实行陆、海、空全面打击,直至取得战争的最后胜利。

二、反复(repetition)

反复修辞格以反复使用同一个词、同义词和相同的结构或句子方式反复表达一个命题,形成特有的修辞效果。(丰国欣,2002)如,“Now is the time...”,“We refuse to believethat...”在《我有一个梦想》)的多次反复,“From this nothingwill turn us----nothing”一句中“nothing”一词在《在俄国遭到入侵时发表的广播演说》)中的反复使用。“We will neverparley, we will never negotiate.”中“parley”和“negotiate”属于同义词反复使用。下面结合实例分析反复手段的信息功能:...One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadlycrippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimina-tion.One hundred years later,the Negro lives on a lonely island ofpoverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.One hun-dred years later,the Negro is still languishing in the corners ofAmer-ic本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。