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industry and agriculture.Society develops constantly, which requires people to make more and more complex stuffs.Engineering has been an independent discipline since the 18th century, which graduallyreflects its important position in social development. Engineering includes a variety of majors,among which civil engineering is the oldest one. And some other majors have a lot to do withcivil engineering. In the 19th century, some colleges and universities in Europe evencombined mechanical engineering and civil engineering as a discipline, so did materialengineering. There are a lot of similarities among mechanical engineering, civil engineeringand material engineering.
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Chapter Two Literature Review

Modality is always the focus of logic and philosophy. Date back to the Aristotle period,researchers paid more attention to modal logic, which includes necessity, possibility and therelationship between them. With the development of linguistics, modality has been attractinglots of prominent scholars (Palmer, Lyons, Perkins, Coates, Hallidays, etc.), and the relatedstudies cover extensive aspects, such as traditional grammar, semantics, pragmatics,seminology, cognitive linguistics, systemic-functional linguistics and many branches oflinguistics. All of them has contributed a lot to the definitions, classifications, semanticmeanings, functions of modality in theory.This part provides a brief review of previous studies on modality, which includestheoretical studies and empirical studies. And studies both abroad and at home are presented.Finally limitations of previous studies of modality are presented, which could help readershave a whole understanding about it.

2.1 Previous Studies on Modality Abroad

By reviewing a general survey of modality abroad, it can be found that theoreticalstudies are maily from three perspectives: studies from the traditional perspective, studiesfrom the semantic perspective and studies from the systemic-functional perspective, whichhave laid a solid foundation for the later empirical studies.Traditional grammatical methodology has aroused various opinions. It can be understoodfrom both a broad and a narrow sense. Generally speaking, traditional grammar refers toterms, concepts, principles and theories while the narrow sense refers to level grammar,systemic grammar and transformational-generative grammar which appeared in the 1950s. Inthe thesis, traditional grammatical methodology includes traditional grammar andtransformational-generative grammar.Traditional grammar thinks that modality refers to one’s response to language speaker’sjudgment or expression. Radford Quirk is one of the representative researchers of traditionalgrammar methodology. In book of A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language,Quirk (1985) defines modality as “the manner in which the meaning of a clause qualified soas to reflect the speaker’s judgment of the likelihood of the proposition it expresses beingtrue...” (Quirk, 1985:219).Quirk (1985) mainly focuses on syntactic function and semantic meanings of modality insentences. By analyzing the factors that could influence the meaning of modality, he dividesmodal auxiliaries into three pairs (meaning): permission-possibility, obligation-necessity, andvolition-prediction. In each pair, the former ones correspond with intrinsic modality(indicating the involvement of some kind of intrinsic human control over events), and thelatter ones are in 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。