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s toinvestment (2002). Acknowledging the work of these scholars, the field of interculturalcommunication can expand on the understanding of this construct through re-examininginstitutional distance through a different research paradigm.

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Chapter Two: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction to Variables

The previous literature on the topic of institutional distance on adaptation patterns intandem is far less prevalent than expected when considering the mass amount of literatureproduced on the individual subjects. Many studies look at institutional distance from aneconomic and/or psychological perspective relating institutional distance to firmcommitment, subjective well-being, managerial styles, and employee efficiency (Bj rnskovet. al., 2010; Lau et. al., 2002; Pichler & Wallace, 2008). The research on adaptation is morediversified in its usage across studies but has also been related to managerial styles andsubjective well-being. The direct correlation of institutional distance on adaptation is limited,and widely accepted mass data pools on the subject are difficult to find. The study frameworkand design for this research were validated through the combining of work done in a largerange of research fields.

This review reference works in the field of economics, psychology, and interculturalcommunication research. The literature review serves three purposes (a) examining previousworks on the influence of institutional distance and adaptation strategies to provide aframework for the research (b) defining the variables to further validate the purpose of theresearch (c) analyzing validated data sets and theories to support the hypotheses of the study.With the defining of the variables and the research framework, acknowledgment of thestudy's paradigms is made.

Fig. 1. Framework for conceptualizing and studying acculturation, Sam & Berry, 2010

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2.2 International Educators in Shanghai

The challenges experienced by expatriates in China, more specifically expatriatesworking in Chinese institutions have had significant amounts of literature written about thesubject. Ilaria Boncori (2013) dedicated an entire book to the subject of expatriate adaptationto China and the influence Chinese office culture and Chinese management have onexpatriate adaptation. Expatriate adaptation in China has been prevalent in recent decades ofresearch due in part to the accepted mentality that adaptation to Chinese culture is achallenging endeavor (Boncori, 2013). The previous literature has covered a large range ofexpatriate demographics but tends to narrow by cultural background i.e. Western, African,European, and so on (Selmer 2001). Despite this increase of consideration for this population Jan Selmer, an authority on expatriates in China agrees that much work needs to be done inthe field before we have a full picture of this population (2004). The consistent factorsbetween the expatriates in this study are: expatriate status, employment in Shanghai, andmaintaining a position within the education industry, and this narrow scope allows forstronger results.

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