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This section will first examine the influence of“big administration”and strong presidencyon Hollywood propaganda during World War II.Then it will relate the influence of thetheorization of WWI propaganda practices on Hollywood propaganda during World War II.

2.1.1 Big Administration and Strong Presidency

The United States has a tradition of“small government”and“big society”.At the sociallevel,American citizens primarily rely on social autonomy.American society resists theexpansion of federal power and functions,and the federal government is limited by the principleof“small government”.At the legal level,the United States Constitution emphasizes theautonomy of local governments,and the federal government has no right to interfere in localaffairs.The federal government has a lesser presence and acts primarily as a“bystander”.

However,in the first three decades of the 20th century,American society transformed fromliberal capitalism into monopoly capitalism.With the rise of monopolies,fairness and justicewere increasingly compromised,leading to a situation where social autonomy could no longeraddress the problems.To address these issues,the federal government began to break free fromthe shackles of“small government”,intervening in social affairs such as striking the consortium,breaking up large companies,and getting involved in labor-capital conflicts.The governmenttransformed from a bystander to an active participant in social governance,particularly duringthe presidencies of Roosevelt.

2.2 Hollywood as a Propaganda Tool

Hollywood is widely acknowledged as a propaganda tool,and an inquiry into thisexceptional efficacy inevitably leads to exploring Hollywood’s inherent attributes.The excellent attraction of Hollywood films can flexibly convey information and engender widespreadreception among audiences,which makes Hollywood easily intertwined with politics.

2.2.1 Hollywood’s Mass Attribute

As one of the most influential media,Hollywood can disseminate American culture,values,and national image globally.Interestingly,films are distinctive from traditional media likebroadcasts,novels,and newspapers,since films can convey visual narratives.Additionally,filmsutilize various elements,including humor,tension,surprise,and music,to catch the audience’sattention and provide intense sensory stimulation.

Hollywood films are highly authentic,contributing to their widespread popularity andmaking them an ideal form of mass entertainment for a diverse audience.As a low-thresholdentertainment activity,film belonged to the broader audience at its birth.After Thomas Edisoninvented the film projector in 1893,film took predominance in the slum rather than among therich.Then,in 1905,the birth of the nickel cinema allowed the lower classes to watch a film withonly a nickel.In addition,it was simple for the producers and exhibitors to operate,“all you needis fifty dollars,a table,and a camera”(Putnam 25).In contrast,some art forms were confined tothe aristocracy or bourgeoisie,limiting their accessibility.

Chapter Three Manipulation Agency ...................... 26

3.1 Establishment of OWI ........................... 26

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