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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-08-12编辑:felicia点击率:18923
论文字数:9339论文编号:org201408110857172042语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:工作压力竞争力Job stresssufferingdiscomfortsstrain
摘要:本文是一篇巴基斯坦留学论文。随着经济的不断发展,人们的工作压力越来越大,如果不能有效解决这些压力,就会给生活和工作带来巨大的损失,本文简要分析了工作压力产生的原因和影响,及应对工作压力的有效方法。
“The uncertainty that occurs at the organizational, unit, group, and individual levels. Uncertainty exists to the extent that knowledge about an event or condition requiring action or resolution is experienced as inadequate” reported by Schuler and Jackson (1986).
Edwards (1988) view about the stress is that “A negative discrepancy between an individual's perceived state and desired state, provided that the presence of this discrepancy is considered important by the individual.”
Taylor (1992) reported about stress in the following words “Demands made upon us [internally or externally] which we perceive as exceeding our adaptive resources. If we try to cope and that is ineffective this gives rise to stress. If this stress is prolonged then lasting psychological and physical damage may occur.” Hereby demands we do mean that arise from the workload or work burden.
Cox (1993) perception of stress is from te assumption that stressor are discreat, time limited and various events of the life requiring adjustments or adaptaion are utterly associated with stress. Holmes and Rahe (1967) ranked the potential stressfull events which may be work or non work related such as death of spouse, divorce, marriage (not all negative), fired from work marital reconciliation, retirement, bussiness readjustment, change in work responsibilities trouble with boss change in work condition. (Holmes and Rahe, 1967).
“Job stress is the sum total of factors experienced in relation to work which affects the psychosocial and physiological homeostasis of the worker. The individual factor is termed a stressor and stress is the individual worker's reaction to stressors.” Suggested by Weiman (1977).
Beehr and O'Hara (1987) used ‘stressor' rather than ‘stress' to refer to causal factors because“few people misinterpret stressor to mean the person's reaction.” And uses ‘strain' to mean “the state ofbeing stressed as evidenced by physiological, psychological or Medical indices,”
Hans Selye (1951) report about The General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] states that, in response to a stressor, an initial ‘alarm reaction' is followed by a ‘stage of resistance' in which resistance to the original stressor builds up but ability to resist new stressors is lowered. Eventually a ‘stage of exhaustion' sets in which ends in catastrophic inability to cope with any form of stress.
1.1 The human face of nursing, (2001): Commented on nursing profession;
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