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ry proposed, if the culture of the periphery differed from that of the core and if the division of labour was not equal, then nationalist movements would emerge (Coakley, 1992).

However, in highly developed countries such as Switzerland, the economic competition model failed to explain why there was little tension and competition between the French and German- speaking Swiss when their socio- economic positions are equal (Jalali and Lipset, YEAR). Therefore it seems ethnicity based movements emerge if state policies emphasise on all groups assimilating to a dominant group’s cultural ways. This provides the dominant group with institutional power resulting in discrepancies from minority groups who wish to express their own cultural values (Jalali and Lipset). Therefore political structures in countries exercising multiculturalism such as Switzerland will experience less ethnic conflict as all ethnic groups will have an equal chance in the voting districts (Jalali and Lipset)

In the last few decades, significant international events have increased the awareness and prejudice towards the Muslim religion (Strabac and Listhaug, 2008). It was reported that around one million Muslim immigrants who originated outside of Europe followed the Islamic rather than British laws (Jalali and Lipset) leading to antagonistic feelings from extreme right parties who instead emphasise on assimilation. Prejudice towards Islam’s and Muslims were reportedly higher than other immigrants in Europe even before the attacks on September 11(Strabac and Listhaugh). The media instigates the negative stereotypes associated with ethnic minorities especially, those practising Islam (Strabac and Listhaugh). However, there are times when these stereotypes are proved to be correct; for example, recent news in the UK, reported how an extremist Islamic group, Islam4UK, led by hate- preacher Anjem Choudary, praised the terrorist attacks witnessed in the UK and US (Guardian, 2010). Furthermore, the group planned to march in a town called Wooton Bassett where crowds gathered to honour dead British soldiers from brought back from Afghanistan (Guardian). They planned to, with with 500 coffins symbolising killed Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan (Guardian). This was to happen in a town called Wootton Bassett, where crowds gathered in honour of Britain’s dead soldiers as their coffins were returned from Afghanistan (Guardian). In addition, data from studies showed that 62 percent of the British population thought British Muslims had more loyalty to other Muslims around the world however, 12 percent thought this not to be true (McLaren and Johnson, 2007). Thus such symbolic threats explain the extreme anti- immigrant hostility in Europe (McLaren, 2003).

The competition model proposed that ethnicity based movements emerged as a consequence of  modernisation which led to ethnic competition for scarce goods such as jobs, housing and other valued resources among ethnic minorities (Olzak and Nagel, 1986 as cited in Belanger & Pinard, 1991; Fennema, 2005; McLaren, 2003; Rydregen, 2005). The ethnic competition hypothesis touches upon how sometimes groups can operate in social movements or support radical right parties that oppose against im本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。