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为了在国家内部实现决定性的社会变化，诸如种族、民族之类的标记被用于形成压力团体和社会运动。在所有已知民主国家中，都存在着个体对政治系统和组织机构不满。这些团体的基本共同特征就是他们的驱逐运动。主要是对局外人的驱逐。因此，极端右翼组织反对移民，认为他们在和本国人竞争，被视为享受了福利系统的特权。和右翼形成对比，左翼组织的运动往往更关心难民、移民、寻求庇护者遭遇的社会驱逐和歧视。更进一步，欧盟国家的反种族主义运动反对少数民族和移民的虐待，希望在欧洲推广多元文化主义。Ruzza认为反种族主义运动能够团结受到歧视的团体成员，来自不同种族背景的人们可以结成联盟，反抗歧视。有些反种族主义者变得暴力，同时也有人不再使用暴力。本文将以欧洲运动为基础，研究资源竞争对种族划分的刺激。

由于经济衰退时期涌入的移民，在劳动力市场和就业机会上产生竞争，种族主义在欧洲更加突出。举个例子，随着失业指数上升，德国的种族冲突也在加剧，数据显示，1989年发生了600起针对外国工作者的种族袭击。

In order to bring about a decisive social change in a nation, markers such as race and ethnicity are used to form pressure groups and social movements (Gilroy, as cited in Malesevic, 2004). In all known democracies, there exist individuals who are dissatisfied with the political system and its institutions (Rydgren and van Holsteyn, 2005). The fundamental common feature shared by these groups is their movement of exclusion; mainly, the exclusion of ‘outsiders’ (Rydgren, 2005). Extreme right- wing parties therefore are in opposition of immigrants who are competing with natives in the host country and seen as draining state privileges provided via welfare systems (Fennema, 2005). Contrastingly to the right, ethnic movements from the left are more concerned with tackling racism, social exclusion and discriminations experienced by refugees, migrants and asylum seekers (Ruzza, 2000). Furthermore, anti- racist movements in EU countries object to the maltreatment of ethnic minorities and immigrants, by promoting multiculturalism in Europe (Ruzza). Ruzza posited that anti- racist movements can constitute members of an ethnic group who are being discriminated against, or at other times there can be a coalition of group members from different ethnic backgrounds whose aims to end discrimination. Some anti- racist movements tend to turn violent whilst others are non- violent (Ruzza). The following essay will focus on how competitions for resources have spurred ethnicity based movements in Europe.

 Racism became more prominent in Europe due to the influx of immigrants who competed for resources in the labour markets and employment in times of economic recession (Ruzza, 2000). For example, the ethnic tensions in Germany reportedly reached significant levels with the rise in unemployment as figures showed that in 1989, 600 racist attacks were directed towards foreign workers (Jalali and Lipset, YEAR). Factors such as economic competition and multiculturalism may lead to support for extreme right movements as shown in France whereby the National Front Party was popular due to its campaigns based on arousing fears about North African immigrants (Jalali and Lipset). This can be linked to Simmel’s (1908) idea of the ‘stranger’ who comes to work in the host country and leaves as they please because they have no emotional ties with the country. In this sense, the natives in the host country might see the immigrants as coming over and draining the state privileges provided via welfare (Fennema, 2005; Belanger & Pinard, 1991; McLaren, 2003) and going back once they have made enough money.

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