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migrants (Fennema). However, this approach disagrees that ethnicity is the source of conflict; on the contrary, ethnicity was noted to be one of the factors used by individuals taking part in the competition to distinguish between supporters and rivals (Hooghe, 1992). Belanger and Pinard, reformulated the competition theory by adding that the previous version by Olzak and Nagel (1986 as cited in Belanger & Pinard) ignored other important features. For example, they proposed that for ethnic competition to lead to ethnic conflict or ethnic social movements, the competition should be perceived as unfair (Belanger & Pinard).

It is important to distinguish areas in which competition exists thus resulting in the unfair distribution of welfare resources. In terms of living areas, the Successive English House Condition Surveys found high levels of minority groups resided in the worst properties (Robinson, 2002). There are discriminatory allocations of social housing towards ethnic minorities as they become excluded from making choices in relation of where they live (Robinson). In addition, property markets in the UK should take into consideration the cultural differences such as the need and use of space, thus not modelling all housing to suit the Western nuclear family (Ratcliffe, 2002). For example, some Asian cultures emphasise the need for separate social space for males and females, similarly, elderly and young adults (Ratcliffe, 2002). BNP’s Mancot Councillor John Walker blamed the Labour and Tory parties for encouraging immigration leading to the housing crisis Britain’s now facing (BNP News, 2010). However, despite the BNP proclaiming that ethnic minorities are draining resources in the UK, Robinson posited that the proportions of ethnic minorities living in social housings such as council accommodations were low. This can be explained by the institutional racism ethnic minorities’ face from housing agencies (Robinson). Furthermore, former Prime Minister in the UK, Tony Blair, urged local authorities to develop new policies which tackle the issue of social exclusion in the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) (Ratcliffe).

Individuals in low- paid jobs were predicted to be most threatened by immigrants who stereotypically take low-paid jobs which the dominant group sees as belonging to them (McLaren and Johnson, 2007). Studies (e.g., McLaren and Johnson) found that 47 percent of participants thought immigrants stole jobs from British-born citizens however, 28 percent did not think this to be true. Furthermore, 44 percent thought immigrants were not good for the British economy whilst 20 percent thought they were (McLaren and Johnson). Moreover, in recent times, these ideas have flourished and there have been protests regarding the loss of British jobs from British workers to immigrants (Riddell, 2009). For example, after the 2009 riot at the Lindsey oil refinery in Lincolnshire as reported by Riddell, the BNP in Britain argued ‘British jobs for British workers’, when debates arose in relation to immigrants coming over and taking ‘British’ jobs whilst there were many unemployed British workers.

Therefore, the factors reported to spur the emergence of ethnicity based movements in Europe include th本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。