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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2015-02-16编辑:Cinderella点击率:8641
论文字数:3490论文编号:org201502031745256670语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
摘要:伊斯兰国家传统意义上被人们认为暴力、怪异、下等,西方世界的敌对者。本文研究了西方社会对伊斯兰国家的刻板印象,并分析了这种现象出现的深层缘由。
Despite a rise in Indian nationalism, or “Hinduization” (Huntington, 1996, p. 4), India still remains a democracy and on good terms with the West. Similarly, interactions with Islam are hostile; these negative interactions arise from clashes with Pakistan (who by majority are Muslim).
Huntington acknowledges that conflict between the West and Islam is far greater than any other, and more importantly the relationship between the West and Islam is historical. According to Huntington conflict between the two civilisations dates at around about 1300 years; the Crusade Era. The Crusade Era was marked by shifting power, and confrontation of two civilisations (West and East) trying to assert their religion. It was at this time, according to historian Tomaz Mastnak that “Muslim became the enemy” (As cited in, Mamdani, 2004, p. 25).
Since the Crusades there have been a number of clashes, both between and within. This is consistent with both Huntington and
The Cold War, various Civil wars (Algerian War, Wars resulting from the Afghanistan War), the Afghanistan War, and the September 11 bombings are all important because they show how cultural, religious, and political differences has led to a bigger divide between the two cultures, and subsequently, how identity was affected and/or formed as a result of these events.
The Cold War was characterised by the conflict between the Western World and the Soviet Union. This conflict arose by the Soviet Union’s decision to revolt against the West because of their ‘dominance’ and cultural differences. This decision encouraged and resulted in social fragmentation (Huntington, 1996; Malik, 1996; Barber, 2001). Fragmentation is defined as “the fragmentation of society into a collection of interest groups” (Oxford Dictionaries, 2010).
Islam (and many other non-Western civilisations) followed the Soviet Union’s decision in the search for equality and the right to political, social, and religious freedom. The idea that Islam’s identity is partly defined by resistance to modernism, globalism .etc, is reinforced by Castell, who states that “assertion of identity plays a key role in these resistance processes” (as cited in Herbert, 2004, p. 162). Resistance and opposition to modernism, globalisation, secularisation and imperialism resulted in the rise of Islamic fundamentalism (Mamdani, 2004).
Fundamentalism is “a certain way of looking at reality...in certain religious communities...individuals and...social movements” (Charon, 2007, p. 278). Both Charon (2007) and Ghadbian (2002) believe that fundamental本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。