housing situation has been shown to be a causal factor in other aspects of people' lives, principally health but also educational attainment an employment opportunities. (Jenny Morris et al, 1990).
According to Forrest and Kearns, the nature of communities needs to be investigated in four dimensions.
Social glue
This refers to the quality of local individual and local relationships and encompasses such ideas as:
Shared sense of belonging or common purpose
Social solidarity between groups and across generations
Shared values and belief minimizing conflict and allowing for social instability
Active, well-intentioned citizens
Dense network of friends, family or acquaintance
Civic infrastructure
This refers to the nature, extend of the local formal organizations and network- such things as the community groups, sport teams and clubs.
Physical infrastructure
This refers not only to the nature of the housing stock but also to other amenities such as shops, community halls and recreational facilities and the extent to which they are social foci of the communities From this perspective the retention of otherwise under-use community facilities and wider environmental recreation-related improvements. (parks, playing fields, pathways) have a significant role to play.
(F. Coalter et al, 2000:14)
Attitudes and expectations of residents
This refers to how residents define a 'good neighborhood' and perceive their own area. Stigma and negative stereotyping are major problems for residents of deprived areas and especially youngsters and those seeking employment.
Indeed, though housing is a basic human right and is a basic human need, various housing problems prevails around the world. American ghettos, French Banlieues and squatting are the various social housing problems. Spatial exclusion is where disadvantage is based on the geographic location of group, and their physical proximity to services and markets. People living in remote areas are often prevented from participating fully in economic and social life. MDG reports depict substantial regional disparities in several countries including for example Egypt and Lebanon, where poverty and social exclusion are correlated with the absence infrastructure and services, lack of employment, school drop-outs and child labour, all of which constitute forms of social disadvantage that leads to exclusion. (ESCWA, 2007)
In developed countries, social exclusion housing problems generally concern their relatively poor who are to a large extend socially disadvantaged, nom-working or welfare dependent with a significant minority enhancing their low income by stealing, drug trafficking of fraud. Forrest and Kerns suggest that social exclusion arises from a combination of unemployment, low income, marital breakdown and a generally resource-poor social network trapped within or channeled into specific neighborhood. (F. Coalter et al, 2000:16). Though not all deprived areas include a majority of deprived people, they do contain a concentration of factors of disadvantages.
Definition of social exclusion
Social exclusion dates back to 1974 in France. At that time, the concept referred to those who were unprotected by social insurances. According to
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