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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

systems and procedures are sound, together with people strength.

Ø Strategic decision making by senior management is supported by a robust risk management system.

Ø It ensures business continuity, as there are high probabilities of unexpected operational events owing to changing trends and globalization.

Ø Capital allocation can be optimally utilized to the advantage of the bank.

2.3.6. Traditional Vs Modern Approach of Operational Risk Management

Traditional Operational Risk Management

Banks were managing operational risks in a traditional manner, going by the belief that such risks are really ‘residual' risks that remain after the dominant risks of credit risk and market risk have been taken care of .Hence meager attention was extended to managing operational risks.

Under the traditional approach, routine operational controls in banking were mainly through

Ø internal checks,

Ø balancing of ledgers,

Ø careful recruiting process etc.

Ø Audit and compliance aspects.

Ø Insurance against risks was resorted to where necessary.

Modern Operational Risk Management

Operational risk management in banking took the shape of modern approach with the release of Basel Accord II ( recommendations on banking laws and regulations ) in June'04.

Modern approach of operational risk management aims at creating and maintaining an effective operational risk management strategy. This approach involves the following elements:

Ø Realistic measurement framework on operational risk factors as against sole reliance on internal checks, auditors etc.

Ø Operational risk losses calculated and summarized on the basis of past loss data and estimate for the future forms the core of strategic decision making especially for developing a new product or for encouraging a new technology.

Ø Quantification of various operational risk factors facilitates optimal capital allocation.

Ø Staff skill development exercise on an regular basis enables better output with lesser probability of errors and losses.

2.3.7. Operational Risk: A Challenge to Financial Institutions and Regulators

Operational Risk exhibits more severity than Credit Risk, Market Risk & Liquidity Risk. Global Association of Risk Professionals (GARP) has also undertaken a number of new initiatives to educate the organizations about the Operational risk.

Operational Risk is capable of eroding the complete organization and can cause huge loss on the reliability factor of the financial company. As per GARP, Operational risk shall be the single largest risk facing the financial industry the world over by the year 2010. The most difficult part in managing operational risk is the fact that the threats and challenges can originate and spread at the speed of thought in operations of a Bank.

The financial industry is growing all over the world in spite of the poor economic indicators forcing stricter regulations, policies and thus prompts grea本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。