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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

to be mitigated by risk transfer in the form of appropriate insurance cover.

c) Nature of risks to be kept under ‘self insurance' i.e. risk to be retained with the bank.

d) Activities likely to generate certain types of risks are not to be accepted at all.

* Control of risks within the organization should be undertaken based on the Four Eye Principle which involves:

a) Segregation of various functions

b) Cross checking

c) Dual control of assets

d) Dual signature

* Risks such as natural disasters, which cannot be controlled and display low frequency-high severity characteristics, should be transferred to insurance of risks should not create any ‘legal risks'.

* In cases of very rare events of low severity, a bank may choose to retain certain operational risks, to put it in the words of Basel Committee, ‘self insure' such risks. However such retention/self-insurance should be:

a) Transparent

b) Consistent with the bank's overall business strategy

c) Compatible with the bank's risk appetite

* Basel Committee has suggested that for ensuring compliance of a bank's documented policies, processes and procedures by its staff at various levels, the following system must be put in place:

a) Top level reviews of the bank's progress towards the stated objectives.

b) Checking for compliance with management controls.

c) Policies, processes and procedures concerning the review, treatment and resolution of non-compliance issues.

d) A system of documented approval and authorizations to ensure accountability to an appropriate level of management.

7. Policies, processes, and procedures to control or mitigate operational risks should be in place, together with cost/benefit analyses of alternative risk limitation and control strategies.

Following aspects are important in complying with this principle:

* It is possible that due to sudden damage to the bank's physical telecommunication or Information Technology

(IT) infrastructure, the bank is unable to meet its business obligations, especially where disruption extends to the payment system.

* Depending on the bank's size and complexity of its operations, it is necessary that appropriate disaster recovery and continuity plans are in place.

* Where services of external vendor or other third parties are availed of in the normal course of the banks' withdrawal of services by the vendor does not disrupt the bank's operations.

* A periodical review system relating to disaster recovery and business continuity plans must be established. In light of the banks past experience in dealing with disasters, necessary improvement should be undertaken.

* The basic objective of disaster recovery and business continuity plans is to avoid operational risk losses and where unavoidable, at least to limit such loss.

8. Supervisors should require banks to have an effective system in place to identify, measure, monitor, and control operational risks.本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。