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es but this is rarely if ever true. The reason for this weakness seems to be two-fold; firstly, few students are able to make the clear distinction between what is a task and what is an objective and secondly, many students fail to understand that the aim and objectives refer to what they will do in the project and instead will give an aim and objectives for some system which is the base of their work.
A kind of Proof – a key idea is that an aim or an objective must be measurable in the sense that others can see they have been done and usually completion represents a major step forward. It is helpful to think of an aim and an objective as requiring ‘proof’ of completion and that is what distinguishes them from just tasks. As a simple analogy, if I were scheduled to fly to Abu Dhabi then I might performs the tasks: book flight, book taxi, pack bag, set my alarm clock and so on but if I have to prove that I have done all this the University would be satisfied with my Boarding Card as proof of completion and hence pay me for going.
Aim structure – the aim has four elements: activity, outcome, spotlight and target. The ‘proof’ that the aim has been completed is when you produce the project outcome. Briefly, the activity is what you do to the spotlighted data to get the outcome which when used will generate the target effects.
Objective structure – an objective has five elements: activity, milestone, spotlight, bounded and progressive. One notes here that progressive means that objectives tend to follows on from an earlier one and bounded means it must be able to be done during the project itself (as opposed to after it is finished).
One should note the idea of progression is not visible in the same way that say a milestone would be but it is a property of the whole set of objectives. In much the same way, bounded is not visible because it refers to the fact that an objective must be completed within the project period; that it is bounded by the project itself. Briefly, the activity is what you do to the spotlighted data to generate the milestone document (a proof that you have completed what the objective states).
Method of Construction
Write the aim using the elements activity, outcome, spotlight and target. At this stage students should be very familiar with these terms so it should present no great difficulty if they think it through using the aim structure. For the objectives we proceed as follows:
Make a full but progressive list of activities at a high level of detail, don’t worry if they seem trivial at this stage.
Refine the list by grouping into items that act as a kind of endpoint to a series of tasks
Decide the milestone (a document of some kind) using the end point mentioned above and recall that every milestone (proof) requires and objective to generate or obtain it.
Example of a Complete set
Aim
To investigate and illustrate (activity) Phishing incidents (spotlight) within the organization in order to produce a protocol (outcome) that can be used to prevent or mitigate (target) its adverse affects on computer users and the organization itself. The objectives are therefore to:
Notice the PROOF that you have completed this aim is that you have documented the protocol (outcome). All that is needed after that is the project evaluation and conclusions.
Objectives
1. To identify and list reported Phishing events that have taken place in the last year from representative co