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Traumatic events have the power to provoke feelings of helplessness and terror. After traumatic experience, patient’s self-defense system seems to be fully activated and remains in a state of heightened alert, “as if danger might return at any moment” (Herman 35). This is the first major symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder called “hyperarousal” by Herman, which is characterized by a constant vigilance against potential danger and a state of heightened alertness akin to being in a war-like situation. Kardiner later proposes that the state of hyperarousal is similar to the symptoms observed in veterans after World War I, and points out that “the nucleus of the traumatic neurosis is a physioneurosis” (13). Lahiri’s works frequently describe the India-Pakistan war. Though there are no smoky wartime scenes, and the protagonists do not actually fight on the battlefield, the war brings about an uninterpreted malady—a battlefield neurosis.

1.1.1 Insomnia and Hypervigilance

“A Real Durwan” collected in Interpreter of Maladies takes place after the third India-Pakistan war. After being colonized by the British, India is divided into two countries, India and Pakistan. Due to religious strife and territorial conflict, the relationship between these two countries sinks into a deadlock. The contradictions between the two sides have become increasingly acute. After two fights for Kashmir, the third India-Pakistan war breaks out. The scale of the war is huge and the number of casualties is far greater than ever. Eventually, this war ends with the independence of East Pakistan as a new state, Bangladesh, and follows the power weakened of Pakistan. During the war, the division of the country displaces countless families, including the protagonist Boori Ma in “A Real Durwan”. Living in East Pakistan originally, she is expelled by the war and separated from her husband and four daughters. Then, she is forced to cross the border to Calcutta, India, where she lives in exile, working as a floor cleaner on residential buildings and acting as a “doorman” as the title suggests. She cleans the stairwells in exchange for a living permit in the staircase. A quilt, a broom for a reed, and a coal bucket are all her belongings.

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1.2 Intrusion: A Haunting Phanton

Intrusion is another symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder. The traumatized person who suffers from it seems to be frozen in the moment when trauma “becomes encoded in an abnormal form of memory, which breaks spontaneously into consciousness, both as flashbacks during waking states and as traumatic nightmares during sleep” (Herman 37). The repeated trauma magnifies the symptoms of all PTSD, in which the victim continues to experience hypervigilance, anxiety, and agitation in a long-term. The analysis in this section focuses on the characters dealing with memory invasion, most of whom are second-generation immigrants. They are either deeply involved in childhood experiences, or affected by family factors passed down through generations, which causes them cannot find their own position, suffering from alternative cognitive and emotional anxiety. In the d本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。