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at least double”(Kristeva,1980:66).In otherwords,a text will always be related to other texts in one way or another,thus forming anetwork of relationships around the text.In order to understand the studied text,theserelationships must be traced back.The meaning of a text exists between that text and allother texts it refers to and relates to.The birth of any text comes from the remains ormemories of its previous texts,or the absorption and transformation of other texts.

Chapter Three Paratextuality in the Two Novels........................19

3.1 Paratextuality in The Women of Brewster Place...........................19

3.2 Paratextuality in Bailey’s Cafe......................................22

Chapter Four Self-text Intertextuality...........................25

4.1 Intertextuality of Theme...........................25

4.1.1 Black Sisterhood............................25

4.1.2 The Construction of Female Identity...............................28

Chapter Five Other-text Intertextuality............................44

5.1 Intertextuality in Biblical Culture........................................44

5.2 Intertextuality in African American Culture................................47

Chapter Five Other-text Intertextuality

5.1 Intertextuality in Biblical Culture

Rewriting and reinventing classic cultural texts is an effective practice to subverttradition and criticize racism and patriarchal oppression.In The System and the SpeakingSubject,Kristeva explains the liberatory power of rewriting to challenge cultural and socialnorms.She states that:

[A]ll functions which suppose a frontier...and the transgression of thatfrontier...are relevant to any account of signifying practice,where practice istaken as meaning the acceptance of a symbolic law together with thetransgression of that law for the purpose of renovating it(Kristeva,1986:29).

When it comes to intertextuality with mainstream cultural texts,the writer,needs to be veryfamiliar with this cultural text first,and then,for his/her own writing purposes,he/she willrevise or even subvert the original order and rules in the mainstream cultural texts.It is agradual process.In this process,writers break through the constraints of mainstreamculture and realize the creation of texts.

The narrow-sense intertextuality of Genette is mainly reflected in Naylor’s writingstyle.This is manifested in the form of rewriting and reinventing Biblical stories,be itthrough quotations or allusions.Naylor intends to use literary language to inherit ideologyand subvert the traditional white classic culture through rewriting and reading the text mostcentral to Western culture,the Bible,thus showing the double humiliating life of AfricanAmericans being alienated by white racial discrimination and oppressed by the patriarchalstructure of the African American community.This subversive significance is a testamentto the intertextuality between the text and other pretexts,and at the same time reflectsNaylor’s determination to recover women’s independence and self-awareness.

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