英语论文网

philosophers regard alienation as a general law of natural and social development, so alienation becomes an abstract concept. Marx’s view of alienation refers to his theory of alienated labor. In Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Marx uses alienation to summarize the relationship between laborers and their labor products and labor itself under the condition of private ownership. Marx divides alienation into four parts: alienation between man and labor activities, alienation between man and his essence, alienation between man and his labor products, and alienation between people. 

Chapter II  Embodiments of Alienation

2.1 Alienation from Oneself

Self-alienation is a crisis of the relationship between man and himself, or a distortion of human nature, which often appears in Bellow’s works. Self-alienation is mainly manifested in two aspects. On the one hand, “That is the way he experiences himself, not as a man, with love, fear, convictions, doubts, but as that abstraction, alienated from his real nature” (Fromm, Sane 138). In other words, self-alienation indicates that an individual alienates the relationship with himself and deviates from his nature and true self. More specifically, according to Fromm, self-alienation is defined as: 

He does not experience himself as the center of his world, as the creator of his own acts-but his acts and their consequences have become his masters, whom he obeys, or whom he may even worship. The alienated person is out of touch with himself as he is out of touch with any other person. (Fromm, Sane 117) 

On the other hand, people who fall into self-alienation have internal divisions, and there will be at least two distant and contradictory parts. The individual cannot shape his sane self in this state. In More Die of Heartbreak, it is mainly Benn and Kenneth who are facing the crisis of self-alienation: Benn Crader struggles between ideal and reality, and falls into self-estrangement. Benn deviates from his true self and becomes a stranger. Kenneth Trachtenberg struggles with self-division between narcissism and inferiority, thus losing his sane self. 

2.2 Alienation from Interpersonal Relationships

The following two parts analyze the manifestations of interpersonal alienation in More Die of Heartbreak. The first is embodied in alienated gender relationships, such as sexual relationship without love, morbid and unbalanced lovers, and commercialized couples who utilize each other. The second is embodied in family relationships, such as hostile kinship relations, antagonistic father-son relationship, and estranged family pattern. In Fromm’s view, the relationship between people in the West is mainly a relationship of utilization. Utilization and interchange not only appear in the economic field, but also enter the field of interpersonal relationship. “Not only the economic, but also the personal relations between men have this character of alienation; instead of relations between human beings, they assume the character of relations between things” (Fromm, Escape 140). Interpersonal relationships are full of evaluation of each other’s values, but care and love are absent. 

On the other hand, the relationships of utilization and exploitation can’t cover the present situation of social relations of the West in the 20th century. Another state o本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。