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rogression that moves alongside the overtnarrative progression from the beginning to the end of the narrative work(Shen,Research on Dual Narrative Progression 3).

Shen Dan has reinterpreted some classical British and American short storiesbased on her theory of dual narrative progression.In the process of re-reading theseworks,she discovers that many narrative works actually have one or even more covertnarrative progression behind overt narrative progression,and the two narrativeprogressions may contain branches that parallelly move forward with them.Thesenarrative progressions constitute different ideographic tracks along which the text runs,producing different“meanings in narrative progression”.Covert narrative progressionis more easily discovered in some works,while quite hidden in others.In The GlassMenagerie,covert narrative progression is extremely hidden,so the possibility of itsexistence should be further discussed.

Chapter TwoTraumas in Overt Narrative Progression

A.Family,Cultural,Physical,and Social Causes of Traumas

Trauma is caused by traumatic events in life,which Horowitz defines as eventsthat“cannot be assimilated with the victim’s‘inner schemata’of self in relation to theworld”(11).Traumatic events dominated by the forces of nature are known as disasters;those dominated by human forces are known as atrocities.Whether they are disastersor atrocities,they are often immensely oppressive and can cause prolonged and violentemotional turmoil,which cause such great pains to the traumatized individuals thatthey can no longer control the people and events in their lives.In the overt narrativeprogression of The Glass Menagerie,Williams displays the causes of three characters’ traumas,in which Mr.Wingfield’s departure from home brings both material andemotional devastation to them.In addition,Amanda,Laura,and Tom are assaulted byrespective different traumatic events.

Creating works according to his own experiences,Williams expresses his nostalgiafor the collapsed Old South in The Glass Menagerie.The British colonists brought toAmerica a model of gentle and elegant womanhood,which frequently appeared inmythological writings of the Middle Ages.As a result,the concept of“Lady”began tospread and has been prevalent throughout America since the nineteenth century(Bolesand Atkinson 63-81).In the Old South,the plantation owners,who owned a largenumber of slaves under the plantation economy,were rulers in society and portrayedwomen as the“Southern belle”.Traditional Southern women identified with theSouthern belle,adhering to strict social norms and patriarchal moral value systems.With the advent of the industrial age,traditional Southern culture was dealt a heavyblow when the American North hit the romantic and elegant plantation economy of theOld South with its booming modern economy.Southern belles naturally becamevictims in this crisis.They had difficulty in accepting reality and forgetting the past,and they often dwelled on fantasies for the future.

B.Specific Symptoms of Traumas

According to Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry,what iscommon to all traumas is the feelings of extreme fear,helplessness,loss of control,andthe threat of destruction(Sadock and Kaplan 918-29).Traumatized individuals feelhelpless because they are enveloped by forces that cannot be resisted.Traumatic eventsdestroy 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。