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their response systems,which results in traumatized individuals suffering fromdifferent PTSD symptoms according to their situations.Herman classifies many PTSDsymptoms into three main categories:intrusion,hyperarousal,and constriction(35).Inthe overt narrative progression of The Glass Menagerie,Williams presents howtraumatic events destroy the response systems of the three characters,causing them tobe harassed by three traumatic symptoms continuously.

“Intrusion”refers to“the indelible imprint of the traumatic moment”(Herman 35).Even though traumatic events have long since happened,traumatized individualsconstantly construct memories of the traumas in their minds as if the traumatic eventsare happening here and now.Seemingly trivial events,such as a casual conversation oran ordinary scene,can evoke painful memories for traumatized individuals.Because ofthe deep influence of traditional Southern culture and the heartless abandonment of herhusband,Amanda is often haunted by the memory of her early life in the Old Southand the memory of her husband.

Chapter Three Recovery of Traumas in Covert Narrative Progression .... 38

A. Establishing Safety by Controlling Body and Environment ............. 38

B. Transforming Traumatic Memory by Reconstructing Traumatic Experience ....................... 43

C. Reconnecting with Ordinary Life by Rebuilding Self and Relationship ................................ 47

Conclusion ................................. 52

Chapter ThreeRecovery of Traumas in Covert Narrative Progression

A.Establishing Safety by Controlling Body and Environment

The first task of recovery is to establish safety for traumatized individuals.Traumadeprives traumatized individuals of a sense of power and control.Therefore,fortraumatized individuals,the crucial task of recovery is to establish safety so as torestore power and control.They gradually recover control of their body and moveoutward toward control of the environment(Herman 160).Having taken control oftheir bodies and their environment,traumatized individuals slowly regain some basic sense of safety or at least feel that life is not all unpredictable.They no longer feelcompletely vulnerable or isolated,on the contrary,they discover that they can still relyon themselves and trust others once again.At this point,the first stage of traumarecovery is accomplished.In the covert narrative progression of The Glass Menagerie,Williams presents how three traumatized characters go through the first stage of traumarecovery.Laura accepts her disability with the encouragement and guidance ofAmanda and Jim,and Amanda,Laura and Tom find shelters by themselves.

In addition to healing traumas by themselves,traumatized individuals“form acharacteristic type of transference in the therapy relationship”(136).The therapistsshare knowledge,medical skills,and experience with traumatized individuals withoutreservation to facilitate their recovery.For Laura,Amanda is one of her therapists.Amanda takes care of her in daily life,demonstrating the unfailing care that ischaracteristic of motherhood.Safety begins with traumatized individuals being willingand able to take control of their bodies.

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