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f testing, a largequantity of deep research conducted during recent decades and more attention should be paid byresearchers. Otherwise, our nation has a history of testing for more than 2,000 years (ChenJianlin, 2000) and was an example for western countries, but now, relevant research on testing ofour nation has fallen behind. From the quantity and scale of testing, our testing is consideredadequate; various English examinations exist, such as TOFEL, GRE, GMAT, BEC, IELTS, CET,TEM, and others. Nevertheless, research on washback of significant tests, especially for practicalresearch, more stress and investment from researchers can make the research develop on a largerscale and higher stage. The research of washback of English writing tests on the writing learningand teaching in vocational colleges in this essay is just one response to the above demand.
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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Studies of Writing Test of PRETCO in Vocational Colleges
Listening, speaking, reading and writing are the four basic skills of language learning, onlyafter they are brought to fruition, the communicative functions of language can be achieved.Listening and reading are drawn from a variety of sources. Speaking and writing is to keep thisinformation to be analyzed and expressed in your own opinion. But there are differences betweenthe latter two, and it is said that it is largely discretionary. Writing is a process of finishingthinking, organization, analysis and comparison. Thus it is more comprehensive. We can say,writing ability not only reflects the writer’s language skills, but also reflects the ideological andcultural quality, and the logical thinking ability, and the depth of thought, etc. Many scholarsbelieve that writing is the most difficult to obtain from listening, speaking, reading and writing ofthe four basic language skills. Writing is a very complex process. To excel in writing, thelanguage learners have to acquire the skill only after a long period of learning.Bell and Burnaby in 1984 further pointed out that writing is a very complex cognitiveactivity, and it requires the author to control a variety of complex factors. They need to controlthe sentence content, sentence format, vocabulary, sentence structure, punctuation, spelling, etc.Kafka also suggested that the writing is everything when your heart opens up until you can nolonger open, that is, absolute confession, without hiding, both physically and psychologically asa whole concentration on it. This shows that the writing is not a passive negative reflection, but apositive cognitive process of the creative spirit. In this process, we must be good at language. Onthe other hand, according to specific needs, we consciously want to get a particular feeling, tocreate a good article, even if only for physical and mental pleasure.
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2.2 Studies of Washback Effect at Home and Abroad
In the field of education, the researchers think of backwash or washback as a valid test.More and more linguistics have accepted the fact that language testing has great impact orinfluence on language teaching and learning. British applied linguists called this impact orinfluence as “washback”, and in general education literature, it is called “backwash”.What is washback in linguistic language field? Different linguists have different points ofview about it.
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