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. Hughes (1989: 1) defines washback very simply, “the effect of tests on both teaching andlearning”.
2. Similarly, Shohamy et al. (1996: 298-317) states that washback refer to the utilization ofexternal language tests to affect and drive foreign language learning in the school context.
3. Alderson & Wall argued that washback is an important concept in applied linguistics. Itrefers to the extent, to which the introduction and use of a test may influence both languageteachers and learners to do things they would not otherwise do, that promote or inhibit languagelearning (1993:116-117).
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Chapter Three Methodology ......24
3.1 Research Questions ....24
3.2 Research Subjects.......24
3.3 Research Instruments .......25
3.4 Research Process ........26
3.5 Data Collection and Analysis .......27
Chapter Four Results and Discussion .........28
4.1 Current Situations in English Writing Learning ......28
4.2 Writing Test of PRETCO on the English....... 34
4.2.1 Writing Test of PRETCO on the English Writing Learning... 35
4.2.2 Writing Test of PRETCO on the English Writing Teaching... 37
Chapter Five Conclusion ...... 40
5.1 Major Findings..... 40
5.2 Implications of the study........ 41
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions of the Study...... 49

Chapter Four Results and Discussion

Based on surveys and interviews on English writing in vocational learning, teaching andtesting status of data and information, the first half of this chapter summarizes problems inEnglish writing in vocational colleges from the students’ learning, teachers’ teaching and the testitself three perspective. Of course, this does not mean that the high vocational English teachinghas so many problems; this study was based on research objectives and programmers selectingone aspect of the current situation for analysis, and primarily laid the basis of washback effectresearch and analysis for writing test below. The latter part of this chapter will detailed analysisof the washback effect of the writing test of PRETCO on students’ learning and teachers’teaching combined with a large number of dates. This chapter is to explore the current situationsin the English writing learning, teaching and testing in PRETCO; whether the writing test ofPRETCO have any washback on higher vocational English writing learning and teaching; Inwhat aspects do the writing test of PRETCO has a positive and negative backwash on thevocational college English writing learning and teaching; and whether the positive washbackeffect is greater than the negative washback effect in the writing test of PRETCO on thevocational colleges English writing learning and teaching?

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Conclusion

To support requirements of the reform of the college English teaching, deepen cognition ofwriting ability and promote cultivation of communicative ability of students, this thesis willwork on the research of writing test from the perspective of backwash of testing, focus on thepresent situations of English writing teaching in vocational colleges and backwash of writing testof PRETCO and come up with a series of suggestions for the learning, teaching and testingimprovement on the ground of strict statistics.In view of the questionnaires and intervi本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。