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ping from head to concrete domain is usually based on the direct and basicsimilarity of position between two concepts． Although this kind of mapping is a prima-ry cognitive process，it is also considered to be fundamental and common to humanbeings’cognition development． People use head，the most familiar organ to them，toname and describe other things in their early cognition of the world． The target domaincan be entities with or without life，such as: head of a bottle，head of a match，head ofa page，head of a tower，head of a nail，head of a hammer，head of a mountain，head ofa list，head of a boat，head of a pen，head of a train，head of stairs，etc．From these examples above，we can see all these metaphors are based on someunderlying similarities between head and concrete objects． The similarity can be posi-tioned: head is the organ on the upper of human body，so this attribute of head will beeasily mapped onto other concrete entities to express the beginning of some concreteobjects． Take metaphor the head of a mountain as an example: the source domain ishead and the target domain is mountain． Human beings first have the concept of theirown head，the upper part of the human body． Then，when they try to recognize andname the outside entities，for example，the mountain，it is natural for them to use headto refer to the top of a mountain because the two concrete things share the commonfeature: the top or the upper part of something． Hence，the attribute of head is mappedonto the top of the mountain，a correspondence is set up，and the similarity in positionprompts the mapping． These conventionalized metaphors have been used so frequentlythat many of them have become lexical items in dictionaries． Such examples are somany．( 2) Mapping from head to abstract domainHuman beings not only map the attributes of body parts to concrete objects，butto abstract objects． Mapping from body part to concrete object is based on the similari-ties of shape，position and function，etc． ，while mapping from body part to abstract ob-ject is based on psychological and functional similarities，which is the result of a high-er cognitive ability． By using metaphor，abstract objects can be described more vividlyand explicitly． As for head，mapping from head to abstract domain include manyfields，thus head can be consequently mapped onto such domains as: spatial domain，action domain，thinking domain，sequence domain，emotion domain，etc．a． Mapping from head to spatial domainSpace is one of the most important cognition object and category of human be-ings． Based on the position of head in human body，namely，the top of the body，peo-ple mapped this attribute onto space and location domain，i． e． head can be used to re-fer to the top or one end of a person or an object． Thus，we have the compounds con-cerning head like head － space，head － room，etc． Actually，in the mapping from headto spatial domain，head is mainly used as lots of phrases to imply the meanings of“a-bove / top / front”． Examples are like these: at the head of the parade ( in front of theparade) ，sit at the head of the table ( sit at the front the table) ． When it is used as anadjective，head means “front”． For example: the head group of a parade．b． Mapping from Head to action domainWhen head is mapped onto the action domain，it is often used as a verb and usu-ally refers to the spatial meaning to some degree． ( 1) Head means“going towards /for”． For example: The ship was heading for Cuba． ( 2 ) Head means “being at thetop”: The movie heads the l本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。