论母语迁移对中国学生英语学习的影响 [6]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-17编辑:黄丽樱点击率:21340
论文字数:7238论文编号:org200904171612521853语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:mother languagenegative transferpositive transfelanguage knowledge English teaching母语负迁移正迁语言知识英语教学
? Jim: Sure! Father: Thank you!This dialogue will not exist between father and son in Chinese. The reason is that in Chinese only the elders, superiors, teachers, parents and employers have the right to perform ‘directive’ acts to youngsters, inferiors, students, children and employees. On the contrary, inferiors, youngsters, students, children have no right to perform directive acts such as ‘ordering’, ‘requiring’, ‘warning’, ‘threatening’ etc. Regardless of these nominations, one will be condemned by society, and even if in performing the similarity directive acts, one must follow the maxim of ‘depreciating oneself to respect others’ (9) to show the difference between the superior and inferior or to show the power difference. So in performing ‘directive’ acts, one does not need to be tactful, indirect and roundabout; he can simply speak out his instructions (usually using imperative sentences). But for the individual-concerned, and equal and parall-oriented western society, individual interest and individual freedom are regarded as sacred and can not be infringed upon. So ever if the superior, the parents, the teacher perform directive illocutionary acts such as ordering, suggesting, requiring, etc. to the inferior, the children, the students, these are regarded as infringement upon the individualism. As a result of it, the transfer appears when people make a request. In the above situation, Chinese father would say in this way: “open the window, Jim.” He would never use “can you”. In contrast, English father often choose more euphemistic way “can you open the window.” Sometimes they would also say “open the window”. However, that usually means order, and people usually do not like to use it. In a word, English people like to express themselves in more tactful and indirect way than Chinese.(II) In apologyWhen to express apology and which apologetic words should be chosen are also problems for English learners. In the study of 1981, Cohen and some other people compared the speech acts of Hebrew, Russia and English. They found that English people used the apologetic words most frequently. Otherwise, people ofdifferent countries use the apologetic words in different ways. This would cause errors in using those words. For example, some Chinese students would confuse the usage of “excuse me” and “I’m sorry”. One of the reasons is that they equal the concept of apology in Chinese to that in English. e.g. “Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?” In this sentence, Chinese people usually like to say it in this way: “I’m sorry, is anybody sitting here?” Although “I’m sorry” and “excuse me” have the same meaning in Chinese, they are used in different contexts.[7]P91-923.2 The transfer in cultureSociologists think that: All of the culture is unique. They are different from each other. All kinds of culture form all kinds of language. In the other side, language is the carrier of culture, and it is the main tool to show and spread culture. Therefore, culture and language can not be separated. China and England are different countries, so they have different culture and language. As a result of it, when Chinese people learn English, they may use their own culture to understand English. In this condition, transfer can not be avoided. Now we will discuss the cultural negative transfer of mother language in the following two aspects.3.2.1 Lexical transferCulture can be shown by language, especially by its lexical aspect. In cross-cultural communica
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