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of the ways to uncover the concealed truth about Latin America and the universe in whole. Some critical works on Spanish modernismo are aimed at analyzing modernista poetry through social contexts, including Noé Jitrik's Contradicciones del modernismo, Françoise Perus' Literatura y sociedad en América Latina and Angel Rama's Rubén Darío y el modernismo4. According to Ricardo Gullon, “What is called modernismo is not thing of school nor of form, but of attitude… That is the modernismo: a great movement of enthusiasm and freedom towards the beauty”5. Discussing Spanish modernismo and the poets who contributed to the formation of this movement, Gwen Kirpatrick points at Leopoldo Lugones as “a true precursor of what might be called the dissonant trend in Spanish American poetry”6. The researcher considers that Lugones greatly influenced other poets of the subsequent generations by rejecting the traditional poetic norms and implementing new modernista elements.

Lugones’ legacy is especially obvious in the works of César Vallejo, Alfonsina Storni and Ramón López Velarde. Octavio Paz points at the fact that Lugones’ and Dario’s poetry is the beginning of “all experiences and experiments of modern poetry in the Spanish language”7. However, Paz also differentiates between Lugones and Dario; although he regards Dario as the initiator of modernismo, it is “Leopoldo Lugones who really initiates the second modernista revolution”8. On the other hand, some researchers criticize Lugones’ poetry and his impact on Spanish-American literature. For instance, Roberto F. Giusti claims, “What is Lugones’ literary personality? It is a difficult question to answer due to the simple fact that he lacks one”9. Amado Nervo contradicts this viewpoint by pointing at powerful aspect of Lugones’ poetry, especially Las montañas del oro. Although Nervo acknowledges the impact of foreign thinking on the works of Lugones, he nevertheless identifies many individualistic features of this modernista poet. As Nervo puts it, “Lugones’ personality is powerful, the most powerful in our America… The outside influences, the variety of reminiscences, the trivial and intimate suggestions of sages, poets, anti artists clash in his soul with his own and diverse ideas”10. However, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada suggests that Lugones’ poetry lacks real sincerity, he considers that “We see him [Lugones] change and contradict himself, but we never see him express himself with absolute sincerity”11. The different perception of Lugones’ poetry can be explained by the changes within Spanish society that shaped people’s understanding of poetry throughout the twentieth century. According to Manuel Pedro Gonzalez, those poets who directly succeeded Leopoldo Lugones greatly admired the poet’s excessive language and powerful verse12, but later generations of Spanish poets failed to rightfully perceive Lugones’ innovations, although they also borrowed some elements of his poetry. In view of such contradictory criticism on the issue of Spanish modernismo, the following analysis makes an attempt to solve this controversy and demonstrate a considerable impact of Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones on Spanish-American poetry of the twentieth century.  

The research utilises two theoretical research methods – a qualitative method and a discourse analytical approach. These methods provide an opportunity to investigate the issue of S本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。