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Abstract: Metaphor was considered only as a figure of speech. However, modern linguists put forward that metaphor is not only linguistic, but our thoughts and daily activities are metaphorical. This paper illustrates different forms of metaphor and analyses their varied semantic features.
Key words: metaphor; tenor; vehicle
摘　要:　过去隐喻只被看作是一种修辞手段,当代的隐喻学家提出隐喻不仅是语言自身的问题,英语论文代写而且广泛存在与人们的思维当中,可以说隐喻无处不在。本文就隐喻的多种表现形式,阐释隐喻的多种语义特征。
关键词:　隐喻; 本体; 喻体
传统的修辞学家把比喻当作一种对文字的修饰,可有可无。过去的隐喻学家都将隐喻视为语言自身的问题,认为它只存在于语言的范畴之内。而当代隐喻学家和语言学家提出了新的观点, Harris(1981)提出隐喻并非可有可无,它是人们日常精神和语言活动的核心; Lakoff和Johnson在他们的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》(Metaphors We Live By)中提出概念隐喻理论(Conceptual Metaphor Theory),认为隐喻是构成人类认知发展的重要机制,是人类语言和认知的根本属性。隐喻与人类的生活息息相关,它存在于我们的思维中,存在于我们的经验中,存在于我们的行为中,可以说隐喻无处不在。本文将通过其不同的表现形式阐述隐喻的各种语义特征。
一、隐喻的语义特征
不同的事物之间在功能、性质等特征方面存在着相似之处,词语可以从一种事物、现象、行为的表达意义转向另一种事物、现象、行为的表达意义。隐喻正是通过事物的相似性,以一事物代替另一事物。在此过程中,隐喻有多种表现形式。
1. Be动词将本体和喻体联系。如:
(1) Life is a stage.
(2) Life is a yo-yo. It is a series of ups and downs.
这类隐喻通过be动词将本体如life与喻体如stage(舞台), yo-yo(溜溜球)联系。根据Lakoff和Johnson,人的思维在很大程度上是隐喻的。隐喻的本质是用一种事物理解和体验另一种事物;隐喻根基于我们的经验对应和经验相似点。如舞台与人生的相似点表现为“扮演”,溜溜球与人生的相似点是“起起落落”。同时,不同的喻体用于同一本体,从不同视角描述某一事物,也反映了隐喻的多样性特征。
2. 介词of将本体和喻体联系。如:
(3) It is in such little retired Dutch valleys… that population, manners, and customs remain fixed; while the great torrent of migration and improvement, which is making such incessant changes in other parts of this restless country, sweeps by them unobserved.
(Washington Irving,“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”)
(4) Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven, and wandered around rather ill at ease among swirls and eddies of people I didn' t know.
(F.Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby)
这类隐喻通过介词of将本体migration and improvement(例4)、people(例5)与喻体the great torrent(例4)、swirls and eddies(例5)联系。在这两个比喻中,人被喻为“水”,因为人的经验表明二者有相似点:“涌动”。另外,欧文用torrent(激流)喻人,主要表现别处人们的搬迁之·快,借以衬托荷兰后裔所居山谷之民风纯朴,固定不变(fixed)。而菲茨杰拉德用swirls and eddies(漩涡)喻人,主要表现参加晚会的客人之·多,借以衬托卡拉韦在人潮之中的孤寂,并与盖茨比死后无人问津,场面冷落形成对照。
3. 只有喻体和本体,无任何连接。如:
(5) The fog comes on little cat feet.
(Carl Sandburg,“The Fog”)
(6) The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
(Ezra Pound,“In a Station of the Metro”)
例(5)诗人将本体“雾”比作“静悄悄的猫步”;例(6)诗人将本体“地铁站里的美丽面庞”比作“黑湿树枝上的花瓣”,但没有出现联系本体和喻体的比喻词。因为诗歌尤其意象派诗歌讲求精练,所以,此种隐喻在诗歌中较为常见。
4. 既无比喻词,又无本体,只有喻体。如:
(7) A long stride measured the schoolroom, and presently beside Miss temple…stood the same black column which had frowned on me so ominously from the hearthrug of Gateshead.　(Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre。)
这类隐喻不仅没有比喻词,而且也没有本体,因此只有靠语境来理解。语境是确定语义的重要因素,交际活动和言语行为都离不开具体的语境,语言的意义必须依赖特定的语境。例(8)夏洛蒂·勃朗特用black column (黑柱子)比喻Mr Brocklehurst,因为他是牧师,一袭黑衣;简·爱当时是个孩子, Brocklehurst看起来很高大;同时“黑柱子”还形象地表现出他只是个毫无表情,毫无感情的物体。
5.动词隐喻(Verb Metaphor)。如:
(8) I mention this peaceful spot with all possible laud.…Though many years have elapsed …, yet I question whether I should not still find the same trees and the same families vegetating in its sheltered bosom.(Washington Irving,“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”)
这类比喻表现在动词上,叫做动词隐喻。例
(8)中欧文把families(家和人)与动词vegetating搭配,于是家和人就被比作少有变化的树,与例
(3)一起进一步深化了对此地民风纯朴的隐喻,以体现他对“不变”的欣赏与赞美(laud).
6.寓于成语。如:
(9) She was an attractive girl before she married, but then her husband gilded the lily by making her wear expensive clothes and she now looks just like all the other rich wives around her.
成语是具有约定俗成意义的词汇。许多本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。