英语论文网

e, combat (vb), come up with, develop, find, measure(s), respon(d/se)等;解决与结果的词汇标志answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve等;评价的词汇标志有(in)effective, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable, work (vb)等。
2. 一般-特殊模式(General-Particular pattern)
一般-特殊模式又可称作概括-具体模式(General-Specific pattern),该模式的宏观结构由三个成分组成:概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。总结陈述则是对语篇内容的总结,但不一定每一语篇都得有,若具体陈述已把概括陈述的观点阐明时,总结陈述可以没有。这种模式有两种表现形式:一是先概括后举例(Generalization-Example ),其特点是:概括陈述阐明主题来统领整个语篇,然后具体陈述对概括陈述进行举例论证;二是先整体后细节(Preview-Detail),其特点是:概括陈述给出总体轮廓来统领整个语篇,然后具体陈述对概括陈述进行细节论证。所谓细节论证,就是采用描绘细节或通过数字统计来说明概括陈述的一般事实或一个道理。
例如:Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray strands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350, 000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research . As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge[7].
此例的宏观结构是上图中的“A”。第一个句子是整个语篇的概括陈述,提出了中心主题,即常常只有在坚持不懈的调查研究之后才会产生知识;接下来是四个不同的具体例证来支持概括陈述提出的主题;最后一句是总结陈述,回应主题。又例如:
One of England’s most famous furniture designers of the late Georgian period was a former preacher, Thomas Sheraton, who gave his name to a distinct style. Working primarily with mahogany, satinwood, and rosewood, Sheraton design furniture which looked fragile but actually was very strong. The backs of his chairs consisted of four sided frames and central splats, the latter usually decorated with urns or lyres. The legs of the chairs were slender and tapered, often with six to eight sides. Famous for his exquisite sideboards and writing desks, which were as practical as they were attractive, Sheraton decorated his furniture with inlays and bandings of unusual woods. He was fond of delicate relief carvings and also less commonly ornamented his furniture with painted flowers and scrolls[8].
此例的宏观结构是图3中的“B”。从家具的一般特征(looked fragile but actually was very strong)到chairs, side-boards, writing desks等的具体构造;从椅背、椅腿的构造到各种饰物的细节,语篇是通过细节描写来说明Sheraton式家具的独特风格。很清楚,从一般概括到具体陈述,步步深入,越讲越细。
McCarthy[6]认为,概括-具体模式在英国房地产商的推销宣传材料中很典型,先是对待售的房产进行概括描述,然后再对单个房间以及个性特