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According to Xiong (2014), addition refers to the supplementation of certain words, sentences and paragraphs in the translation due to some specific cultural norms of the target language.

Example 1 Source text: This is a principle that we will call gestural economy. Target text: 这就是我们所说的动作经济原则（译者注：即发音省力原则）。 Example 2 Source text: The vowel ɑ as in hod has a very low tongue position. Target text: 发单词hod中的元音/ɑ/时，舌头在嘴中的位置很低。

Analysis: Catford (1965, p. 78) defines a class as “that grouping of members of a given unit which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above”. He and Xu hold (2013) that class-shifts come into application due to the differences of linguistic characteristics and idiomatic expressions between English and Chinese.

Wang (2001) argues that English tends to be static, preferring nouns and nominal phrases to describe situations, whereas Chinese like use verbs and verbal phrases to reproduce the action process. Moreover, verbs occupy a vital position because Chinese is a verb-dominated language. Some English nouns are inevitably converted into Chinese verbs to produce a fluent target text.

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Chapter Five Conclusions

5.1 Major Findings

According to Newmark’s typology theory, “texts can be divided into three types, including expressive, informative and vocative texts, each of which has its translation theory” (1988, pp. 39-44). Vowels and Consonants belongs to informative texts. Catford’s translation shifts theory emphasizes meaning equivalence instead of formal equivalence, which is suitable to guide the translation of informative texts.

This report generalizes translation techniques that are used in the Chinese translation of informative texts under the guidance of Catford’s translation shifts theory (1965). At the lexical level, addition is adopted to translate terminologies. Moreover, annotation is often used to explain terminologies that are difficult for readers to understand. At the syntactic level, division and shift are adopted to the translation of compound sentences. Furthermore, shifts occur between passive voice and active voice, between animate subject and inanimate subject, between postpositive attributive and prepositive attributive, etc. In consideration of the accuracy of terminologies on phonetics, the translation has been revised many times after the initial translation. Besides, the translator needs to convey the meaning of the original text concisely to achieve a fluent translated text.

In a word, this translation practice inspires the translator a lot. Gains and lessons are as follows: First, sufficient preparations before translation are indispensable, namely reading parallel texts, collecting terminologies本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。